1 Samuel 13:21

The charge was a pim for sharpening a plowshare or mattock, a third of a shekel for sharpening a pitchfork or an axe, and a third of a shekel for repointing an oxgoad.

Study Bible

The charge was a pim
The term "pim" refers to a weight measure used in ancient Israel, roughly equivalent to two-thirds of a shekel. This small weight was used to determine the charge or fee for sharpening agricultural tools. The use of "pim" highlights the economic conditions of the time, where even basic services like tool sharpening were monetized. Archaeological discoveries of "pim" weights have provided insight into the everyday life and commerce of ancient Israel, illustrating the precision and organization in their trade practices.

for the plowshares and mattocks
Plowshares and mattocks were essential agricultural tools in ancient Israel. The plowshare, a cutting blade, was crucial for turning the soil, while the mattock, a type of pickaxe, was used for digging and breaking up the ground. The mention of these tools underscores the agrarian society of Israel and the dependence on agriculture for survival. Biblically, plowshares are also symbolic of peace, as seen in prophetic visions where weapons are transformed into farming tools (Isaiah 2:4). This duality of meaning enriches the text, reminding readers of the hope for peace amidst conflict.

and a third of a pim for the pitchforks and axes
The pitchfork and axe were vital for managing livestock and woodcutting, respectively. The specific mention of "a third of a pim" for these tools indicates a structured pricing system, reflecting the economic realities and the importance of maintaining these tools for daily life. The pitchfork, used for handling hay and straw, and the axe, essential for cutting wood, were indispensable in an agrarian and pastoral society. This phrase highlights the practical aspects of life in ancient Israel and the necessity of resourcefulness and stewardship.

and to set the oxgoads
An oxgoad was a long, pointed stick used to drive oxen during plowing. The phrase "to set the oxgoads" suggests the need for maintenance and readiness of tools for effective agricultural work. The oxgoad is also famously mentioned in the account of Shamgar (Judges 3:31), who used it as a weapon to deliver Israel, symbolizing how God can use ordinary means for extraordinary purposes. This serves as a reminder of God's providence and the potential for everyday objects to be used in His service.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Saul
The first king of Israel, who is leading the Israelites during this time of conflict with the Philistines.

2. Philistines
A neighboring people who were often in conflict with Israel. They had superior technology, including ironworking, which they used to dominate the Israelites.

3. Israelites
The people of God, who were under the leadership of King Saul and were struggling against the Philistine oppression.

4. Geba
A location in Israel where the Philistines had a garrison, indicating their control over the region.

5. Ironworking
A significant technological advantage held by the Philistines, which they used to control and oppress the Israelites by limiting their access to metal tools and weapons.

Teaching Points

Dependence on God Over Technology
The Israelites' lack of iron tools and weapons highlights their vulnerability and dependence on God for deliverance. In our lives, we should prioritize reliance on God over material or technological advantages.

The Oppression of Sin
Just as the Philistines oppressed the Israelites by controlling their access to tools, sin can control and oppress us. We must seek God's help to break free from sin's hold.

Resourcefulness in Adversity
Despite the Philistines' control, the Israelites found ways to maintain their tools. This teaches us to be resourceful and resilient in the face of challenges, trusting God to provide solutions.

The Cost of Disobedience
Saul's disobedience earlier in the chapter led to God's judgment and the Israelites' precarious situation. Obedience to God is crucial for His blessing and protection.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the Israelites' dependence on the Philistines for sharpening their tools reflect our own potential dependencies in life? What steps can we take to ensure our primary dependence is on God?

2. In what ways can the oppression faced by the Israelites be compared to spiritual oppression today? How can we seek freedom through Christ?

3. How does the account of David and Goliath in 1 Samuel 17 encourage us to trust in God rather than in our own resources or abilities?

4. Reflect on a time when you faced a significant challenge with limited resources. How did you see God's provision in that situation?

5. Considering Saul's disobedience and its consequences, what areas of your life require greater obedience to God, and how can you take steps to align with His will?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Judges 5:8
This verse highlights the lack of weapons among the Israelites, similar to the situation in 1 Samuel 13, where the Philistines controlled the production and sharpening of iron tools.

1 Samuel 17:47
Demonstrates the reliance on God rather than weapons, as David declares that the battle belongs to the Lord, contrasting the Israelites' lack of weapons with their faith in God.

2 Kings 6:5-7
The account of the borrowed axe head that was lost and miraculously recovered, showing the importance of tools and God's provision in times of need.