1 Samuel 13:21

The charge was a pim for sharpening a plowshare or mattock, a third of a shekel for sharpening a pitchfork or an axe, and a third of a shekel for repointing an oxgoad.

Study Bible

The charge was a pim for sharpening a plowshare or mattock
In ancient Israel, the Philistines had a significant technological advantage over the Israelites, particularly in metallurgy. The term "pim" refers to a weight measure used in the context of commerce, roughly equivalent to two-thirds of a shekel. This indicates the cost imposed by the Philistines for sharpening agricultural tools, which were essential for farming. The Philistines' control over metalworking and their imposition of charges for tool maintenance highlight their dominance and the subjugation of the Israelites. This situation underscores the broader theme of Israel's struggle for independence and self-sufficiency during the time of Saul. The mention of specific tools like the plowshare and mattock emphasizes the agrarian lifestyle of the Israelites and their dependence on agriculture for survival.

a third of a shekel for sharpening a pitchfork or an axe
The reference to "a third of a shekel" further illustrates the economic burden placed on the Israelites by the Philistines. The shekel was a standard unit of weight and currency in the ancient Near East. By controlling the sharpening of essential tools like the pitchfork and axe, the Philistines maintained economic leverage over the Israelites. This control extended beyond mere military dominance, affecting daily life and labor. The pitchfork and axe were crucial for both agriculture and construction, indicating that the Philistines' influence permeated various aspects of Israelite society. This situation reflects the broader biblical theme of oppression and the need for deliverance, which is a recurring motif throughout the Old Testament.

and a third of a shekel for repointing an oxgoad
The oxgoad was a tool used to drive oxen, essential for plowing fields. The mention of a charge for "repointing" suggests the maintenance of this tool was also under Philistine control. The economic exploitation through such charges highlights the Israelites' vulnerability and dependence on their oppressors. This scenario is reminiscent of other biblical narratives where God's people face oppression and seek deliverance. The oxgoad itself is a symbol of labor and productivity, and its mention here underscores the Philistines' strategic control over the Israelites' ability to sustain themselves. This passage, while detailing a specific historical and economic situation, also points to the broader spiritual struggle and the need for divine intervention, a theme that resonates throughout the biblical narrative.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Saul
The first king of Israel, who is leading the Israelites during this time of conflict with the Philistines.

2. Philistines
A neighboring people who were often in conflict with Israel. They had superior technology, including ironworking, which they used to dominate the Israelites.

3. Israelites
The people of God, who were under the leadership of King Saul and were struggling against the Philistine oppression.

4. Geba
A location in Israel where the Philistines had a garrison, indicating their control over the region.

5. Ironworking
A significant technological advantage held by the Philistines, which they used to control and oppress the Israelites by limiting their access to metal tools and weapons.

Teaching Points

Dependence on God Over Technology
The Israelites' lack of iron tools and weapons highlights their vulnerability and dependence on God for deliverance. In our lives, we should prioritize reliance on God over material or technological advantages.

The Oppression of Sin
Just as the Philistines oppressed the Israelites by controlling their access to tools, sin can control and oppress us. We must seek God's help to break free from sin's hold.

Resourcefulness in Adversity
Despite the Philistines' control, the Israelites found ways to maintain their tools. This teaches us to be resourceful and resilient in the face of challenges, trusting God to provide solutions.

The Cost of Disobedience
Saul's disobedience earlier in the chapter led to God's judgment and the Israelites' precarious situation. Obedience to God is crucial for His blessing and protection.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the Israelites' dependence on the Philistines for sharpening their tools reflect our own potential dependencies in life? What steps can we take to ensure our primary dependence is on God?

2. In what ways can the oppression faced by the Israelites be compared to spiritual oppression today? How can we seek freedom through Christ?

3. How does the account of David and Goliath in 1 Samuel 17 encourage us to trust in God rather than in our own resources or abilities?

4. Reflect on a time when you faced a significant challenge with limited resources. How did you see God's provision in that situation?

5. Considering Saul's disobedience and its consequences, what areas of your life require greater obedience to God, and how can you take steps to align with His will?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Judges 5:8
This verse highlights the lack of weapons among the Israelites, similar to the situation in 1 Samuel 13, where the Philistines controlled the production and sharpening of iron tools.

1 Samuel 17:47
Demonstrates the reliance on God rather than weapons, as David declares that the battle belongs to the Lord, contrasting the Israelites' lack of weapons with their faith in God.

2 Kings 6:5-7
The account of the borrowed axe head that was lost and miraculously recovered, showing the importance of tools and God's provision in times of need.