In the biblical context, purifications and baptisms hold significant theological and ritualistic importance, serving as symbols of spiritual cleansing and covenantal initiation. The practices of purification and baptism are deeply rooted in the traditions of the Jewish faith and were further developed in the early Christian church.

Old Testament Foundations

The concept of purification in the Old Testament is primarily associated with ceremonial cleanliness, as prescribed in the Mosaic Law. Various rituals were instituted to maintain purity, especially for the priests and the people of Israel. These included washings, sacrifices, and offerings to cleanse individuals from ceremonial defilement. Leviticus 15:13, for example, outlines the purification process for a man healed of a discharge: "When the man with the discharge is cleansed from his discharge, he is to count off seven days for his cleansing, wash his clothes, and bathe his body in fresh water; then he will be clean" .

New Testament Developments

In the New Testament, the practice of baptism emerges as a significant rite, symbolizing repentance and the washing away of sins. John the Baptist's ministry is pivotal in this regard, as he called people to "a baptism of repentance for the forgiveness of sins" (Mark 1:4). Jesus Himself was baptized by John, marking the beginning of His public ministry and setting an example for His followers (Matthew 3:13-17).

The early church continued the practice of baptism, emphasizing its role in the believer's identification with the death, burial, and resurrection of Jesus Christ. The Apostle Paul articulates this theological understanding in Romans 6:3-4: "Or aren’t you aware that all of us who were baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into His death? We were therefore buried with Him through baptism into death, in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead through the glory of the Father, we too may walk in newness of life" .

Traditions and Multiplications

Over time, traditions surrounding purifications and baptisms multiplied, influenced by cultural, theological, and ecclesiastical developments. In the Jewish tradition, the practice of ritual washings, or mikvah, continued to evolve, with various sects emphasizing different aspects of purity. The Pharisees, for instance, were known for their strict adherence to purification rituals, as seen in Mark 7:3-4: "For the Pharisees and all the Jews do not eat unless they wash their hands ceremonially, holding to the tradition of the elders. And on returning from the market, they do not eat unless they wash. And there are many other traditions for them to observe, including the washing of cups, pitchers, kettles, and dining couches" .

In the Christian tradition, the mode and meaning of baptism have been subjects of theological debate and denominational distinction. Some traditions practice infant baptism, viewing it as a sign of the covenant akin to circumcision, while others advocate for believer's baptism, emphasizing personal faith and repentance. The Didache, an early Christian document, provides insight into the diversity of baptismal practices, allowing for immersion, pouring, or sprinkling, depending on the availability of water.

Theological Significance

Theologically, purifications and baptisms are understood as outward signs of inward grace. They represent the believer's cleansing from sin, entry into the covenant community, and commitment to a life of holiness. The Apostle Peter underscores the spiritual significance of baptism in 1 Peter 3:21: "And this water symbolizes the baptism that now saves you also—not the removal of dirt from the body, but the pledge of a clear conscience toward God. It saves you by the resurrection of Jesus Christ" .

Throughout the history of the church, the practices of purification and baptism have been central to the life of faith, serving as tangible expressions of the believer's relationship with God and the community of faith. As traditions have multiplied, the core biblical principles of repentance, cleansing, and covenantal identity continue to be upheld, reflecting the enduring significance of these sacred rites.Matthew 15:2
Why do your disciples transgress the tradition of the elders? for they wash not their hands when they eat bread.
Torrey's Topical Textbook

Mark 7:3,4
For the Pharisees, and all the Jews, except they wash their hands oft, eat not, holding the tradition of the elders.
Torrey's Topical Textbook

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