Unless the LORD
The phrase "Unless the LORD" sets the foundational premise of the verse, emphasizing the sovereignty and necessity of divine involvement in human endeavors. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, which signifies His eternal presence and faithfulness. This highlights the belief that without God's active participation, human efforts are ultimately futile. Historically, this reflects the Israelite understanding of God as the ultimate source of success and protection, a theme prevalent throughout the Old Testament.

builds the house
The act of building a house can be understood both literally and metaphorically. In ancient Israel, constructing a house was a significant endeavor, often involving the entire community. The Hebrew word for "house" (בַּיִת, bayit) can also refer to a family or dynasty, suggesting that God's blessing is essential not only for physical structures but also for familial and generational stability. This phrase underscores the belief that God is the architect of both our physical and spiritual lives.

the builders labor in vain
The term "labor" (עָמַל, amal) conveys the idea of toil and effort. The phrase "in vain" (שָׁוְא, shav) implies emptiness or futility. This part of the verse serves as a cautionary reminder that human efforts, no matter how diligent, are ultimately ineffective without God's blessing. It reflects a worldview that values dependence on God over self-reliance, a principle that resonates with the teachings of Jesus in the New Testament about seeking first the kingdom of God.

Unless the LORD watches over the city
Here, the focus shifts from building to protection. The Hebrew word for "watches" (שָׁמַר, shamar) means to guard or keep. In ancient times, cities were fortified with walls and watchmen to protect against enemies. This phrase suggests that true security comes not from human vigilance but from divine oversight. It echoes the biblical theme of God as the ultimate protector of His people, as seen in the accounts of Israel's deliverance from various threats.

the guards stand watch in vain
The "guards" (שׁוֹמֵר, shomer) were responsible for the safety of the city, yet their efforts are described as "in vain" without God's intervention. This reinforces the message that human security measures are insufficient without divine support. The historical context of Israel, often surrounded by hostile nations, underscores the importance of relying on God's protection. This principle is applicable to modern believers, encouraging trust in God's providence over personal or national security.

In vain you rise early and stay up late
This phrase emphasizes the futility of human efforts without divine blessing. The Hebrew word for "vain" is "שָׁוְא" (shav), which conveys emptiness or worthlessness. Historically, this reflects the agrarian society of ancient Israel, where early rising and late working were common. Yet, the psalmist reminds us that without God's favor, such toil is fruitless. This serves as a spiritual reminder that our endeavors should be aligned with God's will, trusting in His provision rather than solely relying on our own strength.

toiling for bread to eat—
The phrase "toiling for bread" speaks to the basic human struggle for sustenance. The Hebrew root "עָמַל" (amal) for "toiling" suggests laborious work, often with a sense of weariness. In the biblical context, bread symbolizes the necessities of life. This reflects the curse of Genesis 3:19, where man must toil for food. However, Psalm 127:2 points to a higher truth: that God is the ultimate provider, and our labor should be in partnership with His provision.

for He gives sleep to His beloved
The word "beloved" is translated from the Hebrew "יְדִידוֹ" (yedid), indicating a deep, affectionate relationship. This phrase underscores the peace and rest that God grants to those He loves. Sleep here is not just physical rest but a metaphor for divine peace and security. In a historical context, this assurance would have been profound for a people often facing uncertainty and danger. Spiritually, it reassures believers that God cares for their needs, allowing them to rest in His sovereignty and love.

Children
The Hebrew word for "children" is "בָּנִים" (banim), which is derived from the root "בָּנָה" (banah), meaning "to build." This etymology suggests that children are integral to the building and continuation of a family and society. In the ancient Near Eastern context, children were seen as essential for the survival and prosperity of a family line. They were not only a source of labor and support but also carriers of the family name and legacy. From a conservative Christian perspective, children are viewed as a divine blessing and a vital part of God's plan for humanity, emphasizing the importance of family and generational continuity.

are indeed a heritage
The phrase "are indeed a heritage" uses the Hebrew word "נַחֲלָה" (nachalah), which means "inheritance" or "possession." In biblical times, an inheritance was a significant aspect of one's identity and security, often involving land or property passed down through generations. This concept underscores the value and importance of children as a divine gift that should be cherished and nurtured. In a spiritual sense, children are seen as a legacy from God, entrusted to parents to raise in accordance with His will and purposes.

from the LORD
The phrase "from the LORD" highlights the divine origin of children. The Hebrew name for God used here is "יְהוָה" (YHWH), the covenant name of God, emphasizing His personal and relational nature. This indicates that children are not merely biological products but are given by God Himself, reinforcing the belief in God's sovereignty and intentionality in the creation of life. For conservative Christians, this affirms the sanctity of life and the belief that every child is a unique and purposeful creation of God.

and the fruit of the womb
The term "fruit of the womb" uses the Hebrew word "פְּרִי" (peri), meaning "fruit" or "produce." This metaphor likens children to the natural and abundant produce of the earth, suggesting growth, vitality, and blessing. In ancient agrarian societies, fruit was a symbol of prosperity and divine favor. Similarly, children are seen as a sign of God's blessing and favor upon a family. This imagery reinforces the idea that children are a natural and desirable outcome of marriage and family life.

is His reward
The word "reward" is translated from the Hebrew "שָׂכָר" (sachar), which means "wages" or "compensation." This term implies that children are a form of divine recompense or blessing bestowed upon parents. In the biblical context, rewards were often seen as a sign of God's approval and favor. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this underscores the belief that children are a gracious gift from God, not earned by human effort but given out of His abundant love and grace. This perspective encourages gratitude and responsibility in parenting, recognizing children as a precious trust from the Lord.

Like arrows
The imagery of arrows is powerful and evocative. In ancient times, arrows were crafted with precision and care, symbolizing the importance of preparation and purpose. The Hebrew word for "arrows" is "חִצִּים" (chitzim), which conveys the idea of something that is sharp, direct, and capable of reaching a distant target. This metaphor suggests that children, like arrows, have the potential to go far and achieve great things when guided properly. The arrow's flight is determined by the skill of the archer, emphasizing the responsibility of parents to guide their children with wisdom and intention.

in the hand of a warrior
The phrase "in the hand of a warrior" underscores the strength and skill required to wield arrows effectively. The Hebrew word for "warrior" is "גִּבּוֹר" (gibbor), meaning a mighty or valiant man. This term is often used in the Old Testament to describe heroes and champions, indicating that the upbringing of children is a task for those who are strong and courageous. Just as a warrior must be trained and disciplined, so must parents be prepared to nurture and direct their children with courage and steadfastness.

so are children
Children are likened to arrows, highlighting their potential and the impact they can have on the world. The Hebrew word for "children" is "בָּנִים" (banim), which can also mean "sons" or "descendants." This term reflects the continuation of a family line and the hope for future generations. Children are seen as a blessing and a heritage from the Lord, entrusted to parents to be raised in the knowledge and fear of God.

born in one’s youth
The phrase "born in one’s youth" suggests the vigor and energy associated with having children at a younger age. The Hebrew word for "youth" is "נְעוּרִים" (ne'urim), which refers to the early years of life when strength and vitality are at their peak. This implies that having children during one's youth allows parents to invest their energy and resources into raising them well. It also speaks to the joy and fulfillment that children bring to a family, as they grow and mature alongside their parents.

Blessed is the man
The word "blessed" in Hebrew is "אַשְׁרֵי" (ashrei), which conveys a sense of happiness, fortune, and divine favor. In the context of the Psalms, it often refers to a state of well-being that comes from living in accordance with God's will. The "man" here is representative of any person who aligns their life with God's purposes, particularly in the context of family and community.

whose quiver is full of them
The "quiver" is a metaphor for a container that holds arrows, symbolizing children in this passage. In ancient times, a full quiver was a sign of strength and preparedness for battle. Children are seen as a blessing and a source of strength for the family, contributing to the community's stability and future. The imagery suggests that having many children is a sign of God's blessing and provision.

They will not be put to shame
The phrase "not be put to shame" indicates a state of honor and respect. In the Hebrew culture, shame was a significant social and personal concern. This assurance of not being shamed suggests that those who have a "full quiver" will have support and defense in times of need, particularly through their children.

when they contend with enemies
The word "contend" implies a struggle or confrontation. In the historical context, families often faced disputes or threats from outside forces. The presence of children, who grow into adults capable of defending and supporting their family, provides a sense of security and strength against adversaries.

in the gate
The "gate" was the place of judgment and public assembly in ancient cities. It was where legal matters were settled and where leaders and elders gathered. Contending "in the gate" suggests that the family will have advocates and defenders in public and legal matters, ensuring justice and protection. This reflects the importance of family and community in maintaining social order and righteousness.