The LORD said
This phrase begins with the divine name "Yahweh" (יהוה) in Hebrew, often translated as "The LORD" in English. It signifies the covenantal God of Israel, the self-existent, eternal One who reveals Himself to His people. The use of "said" (אָמַר, 'amar) indicates a declaration or decree, emphasizing the authoritative and sovereign communication from God. This sets the tone for the entire psalm, highlighting the divine origin and authority of the message.

to my Lord
The term "Lord" here is "Adonai" (אָדוֹן) in Hebrew, which is a title of respect and authority. In the context of this psalm, it is understood to refer to the Messiah, a figure of ultimate authority and kingship. The phrase "my Lord" indicates a personal relationship and recognition of the Messiah's superior status, even by King David, the psalm's attributed author. This dual reference to "LORD" and "Lord" has been a cornerstone in Christian theology, pointing to the relationship between God the Father and Jesus Christ.

Sit at My right hand
The right hand is a position of honor, power, and authority. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, sitting at the right hand of a king signified a place of co-regency and shared authority. The invitation to "sit" (יָשַׁב, yashab) implies a completed work and a position of rest and sovereignty. In the New Testament, this is frequently cited to affirm Christ's exaltation and His divine authority, as seen in passages like Hebrews 1:3.

until I make Your enemies a footstool for Your feet
The imagery of making enemies a "footstool" (הֲדֹם, hadom) is one of total subjugation and victory. In ancient times, conquerors would place their feet on the necks of their defeated foes, symbolizing complete dominance. This phrase underscores the ultimate triumph of the Messiah over all opposition. Theologically, it speaks to the eschatological hope of Christ's return and the final establishment of His kingdom, where all enemies, including sin and death, will be vanquished. This promise provides assurance and hope for believers, affirming the certainty of God's plan and the ultimate victory of Christ.

The LORD will extend
The phrase begins with "The LORD," which in Hebrew is "YHWH," the sacred and personal name of God, often rendered as "Yahweh." This name signifies God's eternal and self-existent nature. The verb "will extend" suggests an action initiated by God, indicating His sovereign power and authority. The Hebrew root for "extend" is "shalach," which means to send forth or stretch out. This conveys the idea of God actively working to expand His influence and dominion, emphasizing His proactive role in the unfolding of His divine plan.

Your mighty scepter
The "mighty scepter" symbolizes authority and kingship. In Hebrew, the word for scepter is "matteh," which can also mean staff or rod, often associated with leadership and governance. The scepter is a powerful emblem of the Messiah's rule, representing strength and the right to govern. Historically, a scepter was a sign of royal power, and in the context of this psalm, it points to the messianic reign of Christ, who is both King and Priest. This imagery aligns with the biblical theme of Jesus as the ultimate ruler who exercises divine authority.

from Zion
"Zion" refers to the city of Jerusalem, specifically the hill where the temple stood, and by extension, it represents the spiritual center of God's kingdom. In Hebrew, "Zion" is "Tsiyon," a place of great significance in biblical history as the dwelling place of God among His people. The mention of Zion highlights the connection between God's earthly and heavenly realms, serving as a reminder of His covenant promises to Israel and the future hope of the messianic kingdom. It underscores the idea that God's rule emanates from a place of holiness and divine presence.

Rule in the midst of your enemies
The command to "Rule" is a declaration of authority and dominion. The Hebrew word "radah" means to have dominion or to reign. This phrase speaks to the Messiah's ultimate victory and sovereign control, even in the presence of opposition. The "enemies" represent those who resist God's authority, yet the psalm assures that the Messiah will reign supreme despite their presence. This reflects the biblical theme of God's kingdom advancing in the world, overcoming all opposition, and establishing peace and justice. It is a powerful reminder of the hope and assurance believers have in Christ's ultimate triumph.

Your people
The phrase "Your people" refers to the followers or subjects of the Messiah, who is the central figure in this psalm. In Hebrew, the word used is "עַמְּךָ" (amcha), which denotes a collective group bound by a common identity or allegiance. Historically, this would have been understood as the people of Israel, but in a broader Christian context, it extends to all believers who are part of the spiritual kingdom of God. This phrase emphasizes the communal aspect of faith, where believers are united under the leadership of Christ.

shall be willing
The Hebrew word here is "נְדָבוֹת" (nedavot), which conveys the idea of voluntary offerings or freewill. This suggests that the allegiance and service of the people to the Messiah are not coerced but given freely and joyfully. In a spiritual sense, it reflects the transformation of the heart that occurs when one truly encounters the grace and love of God, leading to a willing and eager participation in His purposes.

on Your day of battle
This phrase can be understood both literally and metaphorically. Literally, it refers to a time of conflict or warfare, where the Messiah leads His people to victory. Metaphorically, it can be seen as the spiritual battles that believers face, where Christ empowers and leads them. The "day of battle" signifies moments of testing and challenge, where the faith and commitment of God's people are proven and strengthened.

Arrayed in holy splendor
The imagery here is rich and evocative. The Hebrew word for "holy" is "קֹדֶשׁ" (kodesh), which denotes something set apart for divine purpose. "Splendor" suggests beauty and majesty. Together, this phrase paints a picture of God's people adorned in righteousness and purity, reflecting the glory of God. It speaks to the transformative power of God's presence, which clothes believers in His holiness and sets them apart for His service.

Your young men
This phrase highlights the vigor and strength of youth, symbolizing the vitality and enthusiasm of those who follow the Messiah. In the Hebrew context, young men were often seen as the backbone of the community, ready to take on challenges and responsibilities. Spiritually, it represents the renewal and energy that comes from a life dedicated to God, regardless of physical age.

will come to You
The act of coming to the Messiah signifies a movement towards Him, both physically and spiritually. It implies a deliberate choice to draw near to God, seeking His presence and guidance. This movement is not just a one-time event but a continual journey of faith, where believers consistently seek to align their lives with God's will.

like dew from the morning’s womb
Dew is a symbol of freshness, renewal, and blessing. In the ancient Near Eastern context, dew was vital for agriculture, especially in arid regions where rain was scarce. The phrase "from the morning’s womb" suggests a new beginning, a fresh start each day. Spiritually, it speaks to the daily renewal and sustenance that God provides to His people, as well as the quiet and gentle way His grace and presence manifest in their lives.

The LORD has sworn
This phrase emphasizes the divine authority and unchangeable nature of God's promise. The Hebrew word for "sworn" is "נִשְׁבַּע" (nishba), which conveys a solemn oath. In the ancient Near Eastern context, an oath was binding and irrevocable, underscoring the certainty and seriousness of God's declaration. This reflects God's unchanging nature and His commitment to His word, providing believers with assurance and confidence in His promises.

and will not change His mind
The phrase highlights God's immutability, meaning He does not change. The Hebrew root "נָחַם" (nacham) often means to repent or change one's mind, but here it is negated, emphasizing God's steadfastness. In a world where human promises often fail, this assurance of God's unwavering purpose is a source of comfort and stability for believers, reinforcing the reliability of His covenant.

“You are a priest forever
This declaration is profound, as it establishes an eternal priesthood. The Hebrew word for "priest" is "כֹּהֵן" (kohen), traditionally associated with the Levitical priesthood. However, this verse points to a different order, one that is eternal. The concept of a "priest forever" suggests a role that transcends the temporal limitations of the Levitical system, pointing to a perfect and perpetual mediation between God and humanity.

in the order of Melchizedek.”
Melchizedek is a mysterious figure who appears in Genesis 14:18 as both a king and priest. The Hebrew name "מַלְכִּי־צֶדֶק" (Malki-Tzedek) means "king of righteousness," and he is also the king of Salem, meaning "peace." This dual role prefigures the Messianic priesthood of Jesus Christ, who is both King and Priest. The "order of Melchizedek" signifies a priesthood that is not based on lineage or law but on righteousness and eternal life, as elaborated in the book of Hebrews. This connection to Melchizedek highlights the uniqueness and superiority of Christ's priesthood, offering believers a perfect and eternal intercessor.

The Lord
In Psalm 110:5, "The Lord" refers to the divine authority and sovereignty of God. The Hebrew word used here is "Adonai," which signifies a master or ruler. This term emphasizes God's supreme power and control over all creation. In the context of this psalm, it underscores the divine backing and authority given to the Messiah, who is seated at the right hand of God. Historically, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of kingship, where a king's power was seen as divinely ordained.

is at Your right hand
The phrase "is at Your right hand" signifies a position of honor and power. In ancient cultures, the right hand was considered a place of favor and strength. Biblically, being at the right hand of God indicates a special status and authority. This imagery is used to describe the Messiah's exalted position, sharing in God's rule and executing His will. Theologically, it points to the New Testament revelation of Jesus Christ, who is seated at the right hand of the Father, interceding for believers and reigning as King.

He will crush kings
"He will crush kings" speaks to the ultimate victory and judgment that the Messiah will execute over earthly rulers. The Hebrew word for "crush" is "machats," which conveys a sense of complete defeat and destruction. This phrase reflects the biblical theme of God's justice and the establishment of His kingdom over all human authority. Historically, it resonates with the prophetic tradition of God's anointed one triumphing over the enemies of Israel, symbolizing the ultimate triumph of good over evil.

on the day of His wrath
The "day of His wrath" refers to a time of divine judgment and retribution. In the Hebrew Bible, the "day of the Lord" is a recurring theme, representing a future time when God will decisively intervene in human history to judge the wicked and vindicate the righteous. This phrase underscores the seriousness and inevitability of God's judgment. From a conservative Christian perspective, it points to the eschatological hope of Christ's return, when He will establish His kingdom in fullness and bring justice to the earth.

He will judge
The phrase "He will judge" refers to the divine authority and sovereign power of God, specifically through the Messiah, to execute judgment. The Hebrew root for "judge" is "שָׁפַט" (shaphat), which means to govern, to vindicate, or to punish. This word is often used in the context of God's righteous judgment, emphasizing His role as the ultimate arbiter of justice. In the historical context of ancient Israel, judges were leaders who delivered the people from oppression and administered justice. This phrase assures believers of God's ultimate justice and the establishment of His righteous kingdom.

the nations
The term "the nations" is translated from the Hebrew word "גּוֹיִם" (goyim), which typically refers to the Gentiles or non-Israelite peoples. In the biblical context, this term often signifies those outside the covenant community of Israel. The inclusion of "the nations" in this verse underscores the universal scope of God's judgment and the Messiah's reign. It reflects the biblical theme that God's plan of salvation and judgment extends beyond Israel to all peoples, fulfilling the promise to Abraham that all nations would be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3).

heaping up the dead
This vivid imagery of "heaping up the dead" conveys the severity and totality of divine judgment. The Hebrew word "מָלֵא" (male) can mean to fill or to heap up, suggesting an overwhelming victory over the enemies of God. This phrase may evoke the aftermath of a decisive battle where the enemies of God are utterly defeated. It serves as a sobering reminder of the consequences of opposing God's will and the ultimate triumph of righteousness over wickedness.

He will crush
The phrase "He will crush" is derived from the Hebrew verb "מָחַץ" (machats), meaning to strike through, shatter, or crush. This term is often used in the context of military conquest and divine retribution. It signifies the Messiah's power to decisively defeat His enemies. The imagery of crushing conveys the idea of complete and irreversible destruction, highlighting the strength and authority of the Messiah as a warrior king who will establish peace through victory over evil.

the leaders
The word "leaders" is translated from the Hebrew "רֹאשׁ" (rosh), which can mean head, chief, or leader. In this context, it refers to the rulers or principal figures among the nations who oppose God's rule. The focus on leaders emphasizes the accountability of those in positions of power and the futility of their resistance against God's sovereign plan. It serves as a warning to earthly powers that their authority is subordinate to the divine authority of the Messiah.

far and wide
The phrase "far and wide" suggests the extensive reach of the Messiah's judgment. The Hebrew expression "אֶרֶץ רַבָּה" (eretz rabbah) can be understood as covering a great expanse or throughout the earth. This indicates that no place is beyond the scope of God's judgment and that His justice will be executed universally. It reassures believers of the comprehensive nature of God's reign and the ultimate establishment of His kingdom across the entire world.

He will drink
This phrase suggests an act of refreshment and sustenance. In the Hebrew context, drinking often symbolizes receiving strength or renewal. The imagery of drinking can be seen throughout the Bible as a metaphor for spiritual nourishment and divine provision. In the context of Psalm 110, it may imply that the Messiah, despite His battles and challenges, will find refreshment and strength from God. This act of drinking signifies a moment of pause and rejuvenation, essential for the continuation of His victorious mission.

from the brook
The "brook" here can be understood as a source of life-giving water, a common symbol in the Scriptures for God's provision and sustenance. In the arid climate of the ancient Near East, a brook would be a vital source of water, representing God's continuous provision in times of need. Historically, brooks were places of rest and refreshment for travelers and warriors. This imagery suggests that the Messiah will find His sustenance in the midst of His journey, drawing strength from God's provision.

along the way
This phrase indicates a journey or a path, suggesting that the Messiah is on a mission or pilgrimage. The "way" often symbolizes the course of life or a divinely appointed path. In the biblical narrative, the way is frequently associated with God's guidance and the fulfillment of His purposes. The Messiah's journey is not aimless; it is directed and purposeful, with divine encounters and provisions along the path.

so He will lift His head
Lifting one's head is a powerful image of victory, confidence, and restoration. In the Hebrew tradition, to lift one's head is to be exalted or to rise above one's circumstances. This phrase signifies the Messiah's triumph over His enemies and His ultimate vindication. It reflects the assurance of victory and the honor bestowed upon Him by God. The lifting of the head is a sign of dignity and authority, underscoring the Messiah's role as a victorious King and Priest.