Joshua 20:5

Now if the avenger of blood pursues him, they must not surrender the manslayer into his hand, because that man killed his neighbor accidentally without prior malice.

Study Bible

Now if the avenger of blood pursues him
In ancient Israel, the "avenger of blood" was typically a close relative of a person who had been killed, tasked with avenging the death. This practice is rooted in the cultural and legal traditions of the time, where family honor and justice were paramount. The concept of the avenger of blood is also seen in Numbers 35:19, which outlines the role and responsibilities of this individual. The pursuit indicates a legal and familial obligation to seek justice, reflecting the societal norms of retribution.

they must not surrender the manslayer into his hand
The cities of refuge were established to provide protection for those who had killed someone unintentionally. This command underscores the importance of due process and the protection of the innocent, even in a society where blood vengeance was common. The refusal to surrender the manslayer emphasizes the sanctity of life and the need for a fair trial, as outlined in Deuteronomy 19:4-6. It reflects God's justice and mercy, ensuring that rash vengeance does not prevail over truth.

because that man killed his neighbor accidentally
This phrase highlights the distinction between accidental and premeditated killing. The Hebrew law made a clear differentiation between murder and manslaughter, as seen in Exodus 21:12-14. The accidental nature of the act is crucial in determining the manslayer's eligibility for refuge. This provision reflects the biblical principle that intent matters in the administration of justice, aligning with God's character as just and fair.

without prior malice
The absence of "prior malice" indicates that the act was not premeditated or driven by hatred. This aligns with the biblical principle that God judges the heart and intentions, as seen in 1 Samuel 16:7. The requirement for no prior malice ensures that only those truly deserving of protection receive it, maintaining the integrity of the justice system. This concept is echoed in the teachings of Jesus, who emphasized the importance of the heart's intentions in Matthew 5:21-22.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Manslayer
An individual who has unintentionally killed another person. In the context of ancient Israel, this person could seek refuge in a city of refuge to avoid retribution from the avenger of blood.

2. Avenger of Blood
A family member of the deceased who seeks to avenge the death. This role was part of the ancient justice system, where family members were responsible for avenging wrongs done to their kin.

3. Cities of Refuge
Designated cities in ancient Israel where individuals who committed manslaughter could seek asylum. These cities provided protection until a fair trial could be conducted.

4. Joshua
The leader of Israel at the time, responsible for implementing God's laws and ensuring the establishment of cities of refuge as commanded by God.

5. Israelites
The people of Israel, who were given the law regarding cities of refuge as part of their covenant with God.

Teaching Points

God's Justice and Mercy
The cities of refuge illustrate God's balance of justice and mercy. While justice demands accountability, mercy provides protection and a fair trial for those who have acted without malice.

The Sanctity of Life
The provision for cities of refuge underscores the value God places on human life, ensuring that even accidental death is treated with seriousness and care.

Christ as Our Refuge
Just as the cities of refuge provided safety for the manslayer, Christ offers spiritual refuge for sinners. Believers can find safety and forgiveness in Him.

Community Responsibility
The system of cities of refuge required community involvement and responsibility, reminding us of our duty to uphold justice and mercy within our communities today.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the concept of cities of refuge reflect God's character in terms of justice and mercy?

2. In what ways can the principle of seeking refuge in Christ be applied to our daily lives?

3. How does the role of the avenger of blood compare to modern concepts of justice and retribution?

4. What responsibilities do we have as a community to ensure justice and protection for those who may be falsely accused or have acted without malice?

5. How can understanding the historical context of cities of refuge enhance our appreciation of the spiritual refuge offered in Christ?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Numbers 35
This chapter provides the initial instructions for the establishment of cities of refuge, detailing the purpose and function of these cities.

Deuteronomy 19
Offers further elaboration on the laws concerning cities of refuge, emphasizing the importance of justice and mercy.

Hebrews 6
Discusses the concept of refuge in a spiritual sense, drawing a parallel between the cities of refuge and the refuge found in Christ.