James 4:4
You adulteresses! Do you not know that friendship with the world is hostility toward God? Therefore, whoever chooses to be a friend of the world renders himself an enemy of God.
You adulteresses!
The term "adulteresses" is a powerful metaphor used by James to describe spiritual unfaithfulness. In the Greek, the word is "μοιχαλίδες" (moichalides), which directly translates to "adulteresses." This term is often used in the Old Testament to describe Israel's unfaithfulness to God, likening it to a wife being unfaithful to her husband (e.g., Hosea 3:1). James uses this imagery to emphasize the severity of turning away from God and aligning with worldly values. It is a call to recognize the covenant relationship believers have with God, akin to a marriage, and the betrayal that occurs when one turns to the world.

Do you not know
This phrase is a rhetorical question, implying that the audience should already be aware of the truth being stated. It suggests a level of accountability and responsibility among believers to understand the implications of their actions. The Greek word "οἴδατε" (oidate) implies an assumed knowledge, indicating that the readers are expected to be familiar with the teachings of Christ and the apostles regarding the dangers of worldliness.

that friendship with the world
"Friendship with the world" refers to adopting the values, desires, and priorities of the secular world, which are often in direct opposition to God's will. The Greek word for "friendship" is "φιλία" (philia), which denotes a deep, affectionate bond. This suggests that aligning oneself with worldly principles is not a casual association but a deep-seated alliance that affects one's spiritual orientation.

is hostility toward God?
The word "hostility" in Greek is "ἔχθρα" (echthra), meaning enmity or hatred. This stark language underscores the incompatibility between worldly values and God's holiness. It is a reminder that one cannot serve two masters (Matthew 6:24) and that choosing the world is a direct affront to God’s sovereignty and righteousness.

Therefore, whoever chooses
The phrase "whoever chooses" highlights the element of free will and personal responsibility in the believer's life. The Greek word "βούληται" (boulētai) indicates a deliberate decision or intention. This emphasizes that believers have the power to choose their allegiance, and with that choice comes significant spiritual consequences.

to be a friend of the world
Again, the term "friend" (φίλος, philos) is used, reinforcing the idea of a close, intentional relationship. This phrase serves as a warning against the allure of worldly acceptance and success, which can lead to spiritual compromise and distance from God.

renders himself an enemy of God
The phrase "renders himself" suggests an active role in becoming opposed to God. The Greek word "καθίσταται" (kathistatai) means to be appointed or established, indicating that this enmity is not accidental but a result of one's choices. Being an "enemy of God" is a grave position, as it places one in opposition to the Creator and Sustainer of life. This serves as a sobering reminder of the eternal implications of our earthly alliances and the call to remain faithful to God above all else.

Persons / Places / Events
1. James
The author of the epistle, traditionally identified as James, the brother of Jesus and a leader in the early Jerusalem church. He writes with authority and pastoral concern for the spiritual well-being of his readers.

2. The Recipients
Early Jewish Christians scattered among the nations, facing trials and temptations, and needing guidance on living out their faith authentically.

3. The World
Represents the system of values, beliefs, and behaviors that are opposed to God and His ways. It is characterized by materialism, pride, and self-centeredness.

4. God
The Creator and Sustainer of all, who desires a relationship with His people and calls them to holiness and separation from worldly influences.

5. Adulteresses
A metaphorical term used by James to describe those who are unfaithful to God by aligning themselves with worldly values, echoing the Old Testament imagery of Israel's unfaithfulness.
Teaching Points
Spiritual Fidelity
Just as in a marriage, faithfulness to God requires exclusive devotion. Aligning with worldly values is akin to spiritual adultery.

Worldly Friendship
Friendship with the world is not merely about association but about adopting its values and priorities, which are contrary to God's.

Hostility Toward God
Choosing the world over God places one in opposition to Him. This is a serious matter that requires repentance and realignment with God's will.

Call to Holiness
Believers are called to live distinctively, reflecting God's holiness in their choices and relationships.

Eternal Perspective
Understanding that the world's allure is temporary helps believers focus on eternal values and God's kingdom.
Bible Study Questions
1. What does James mean by calling his readers "adulteresses," and how does this metaphor relate to our relationship with God?

2. How can we identify areas in our lives where we might be forming "friendships" with the world, and what steps can we take to address them?

3. In what ways does the concept of "hostility toward God" challenge our understanding of sin and its consequences?

4. How do the teachings of Jesus in Matthew 6:24 and Paul's exhortation in Romans 12:2 complement James's message in this verse?

5. Reflect on a time when you had to choose between worldly values and God's values. What did you learn from that experience, and how can it guide your future decisions?
Connections to Other Scriptures
1 John 2:15-17
This passage warns against loving the world and the things in it, emphasizing that such love is incompatible with the love of the Father.

Matthew 6:24
Jesus teaches that one cannot serve two masters, highlighting the impossibility of serving both God and worldly wealth.

Romans 12:2
Paul urges believers not to conform to the patterns of this world but to be transformed by the renewing of their minds.

Hosea 3:1
The prophet Hosea's relationship with his unfaithful wife is a picture of God's relationship with Israel, illustrating spiritual adultery.
Dark HeavenwardArchbishop Leighton.James 4:4
Drawn to the WorldNew Cyclopaedia of IllustrationsJames 4:4
Friendship with the WorldR. Watson.James 4:4
The Contrariety Betwixt the World and GodR. Turnbull.James 4:4
The Friendship of the World -- Enmity with GodJohn Adam.James 4:4
The Friendship of the World Enmity with GodWm. Dawes, D. D.James 4:4
The WorldJ. Ryland.James 4:4
The World or GodS. S. Roche.James 4:4
The World's Friends, and the Friends of GodJ. F. Fenn, M. A.James 4:4
WorldlinessT. Manton.James 4:4
Worldly Friendship Enmity to GodR. Treffry.James 4:4
War or Peace?T.F. Lockyer James 4:1-10
Worldliness Enmity with GodC. Jerdan James 4:4-6
People
James
Places
Dispersion
Topics
Adulterers, Adulteresses, Anyone, Becomes, Bent, Chooses, Constituted, Counsel, Creatures, Desiring, Enemy, Enmity, Friend, Friendly, Friends, Friendship, God's, Hater, Hatred, Hostility, Makes, Maketh, Minded, O, Unfaithful, Wants, Wishes, Women
Dictionary of Bible Themes
James 4:4

     2426   gospel, responses
     4027   world, fallen
     4030   world, behaviour in
     5542   society, positive
     5692   friends, bad
     5811   compromise
     5875   hatred
     6622   choice
     6717   reconciliation, world to God
     7031   unity, God's goal
     7922   fellowship, with God
     8122   friendship, with God
     8211   commitment, to world
     8269   holiness, separation from worldly
     8302   love, abuse of
     8484   spiritual warfare, enemies
     8810   riches, dangers
     8848   worldliness

James 4:1-4

     8616   prayerlessness

James 4:4-5

     6243   adultery, spiritual

James 4:4-6

     6670   grace, and Holy Spirit

Library
December 29 Evening
Draw nigh to God, and he will draw nigh to you.--JAMES 4:8. Enoch walked with God.--Can two walk together, except they be agreed?--It is good for me to draw near to God. The Lord is with you, while ye be with him: and if ye seek him, he will be found of you: but if ye forsake him, he will forsake you. When they in their trouble did turn unto the Lord God of Israel, and sought him, he was found of them. For I know the thoughts that I think toward you, saith the Lord, thoughts of peace, and not of
Anonymous—Daily Light on the Daily Path

December 26. "The Spirit that Dwelleth in us Lusteth to Envy" (James iv. 5).
"The Spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy" (James iv. 5). This beautiful passage has been unhappily translated in our Revised Version: "The Spirit that dwelleth in us lusteth to envy." It ought to be, "The Spirit that dwelleth in us loveth us to jealousy." It is the figure of a love that suffers because of its intense regard for the loved object. The Holy Ghost is so anxious to accomplish in us and for us the highest will of God, and to receive from us the truest love for Christ, our Divine
Rev. A. B. Simpson—Days of Heaven Upon Earth

December 19. "God Giveth Grace unto the Humble" (James iv. 6).
"God giveth grace unto the humble" (James iv. 6). One of the marks of highest worth is deep lowliness. The shallow nature, conscious of its weakness and insufficiency, is always trying to advertise itself and make sure of its being appreciated. The strong nature, conscious of its strength, is willing to wait and let its work be made manifest in due time. Indeed, the truest natures are so free from all self-consciousness and self-consideration that their object is not to be appreciated, understood
Rev. A. B. Simpson—Days of Heaven Upon Earth

April 4. "Resist the Devil and He Will Flee" (James iv. 7).
"Resist the devil and he will flee" (James iv. 7). Resist the devil, and he will flee from you. This is a promise, and God will keep it to us. If we resist the adversary, He will compel him to flee, and will give us the victory. We can, at all times, fearlessly stand up in defiance, in resistance to the enemy, and claim the protection of our heavenly King just as a citizen would claim the protection of the government against an outrage or injustice on the part of violent men. At the same time we
Rev. A. B. Simpson—Days of Heaven Upon Earth

The Approbation of Goodness is not the Love of It.
ROMANS ii. 21--23.--"Thou therefore which, teachest another, teachest Thou not thyself? thou that preachest a man should not steal, dost thou steal? thou that sayest a man should not commit adultery, dost thou commit adultery? thou that abhorrest idols, dost thou commit sacrilege? thou that makest thy boast of the law, through, breaking the law dishonorest thou God?" The apostle Paul is a very keen and cogent reasoner. Like a powerful logician who is confident that he has the truth upon his side,
William G.T. Shedd—Sermons to the Natural Man

God's Will About the Future
EDITOR'S NOTE: This Sermon was published the week of Spurgeon's death. The great preacher died in Mentone, France, January 31, 1892. This and the next few Sermons in the Metropolitan Tabernacle Pulpit were printed with a black mourning band circling the margins. A footnote appeared from the original editors, commenting on the providential selection of this message for that particular week: * It is remarkable that the sermon selected for this week should be so peculiarly suitable for the present trying
Charles Haddon Spurgeon—Spurgeon's Sermons Volume 38: 1892

The Lack of Prayer
"Ye have not, because ye ask not."--JAS. iv. 2. "And He saw that there was no man, and wondered that there was no intercessor."--ISA. lix. 16. "There is none that calleth upon Thy name, that stirreth up himself to take hold of Thee."--ISA. lxiv. 7. At our last Wellington Convention for the Deepening of the Spiritual Life, in April, the forenoon meetings were devoted to prayer and intercession. Great blessing was found, both in listening to what the Word teaches of their need and power, and in joining
Andrew Murray—The Ministry of Intercession

Addresses on Holiness,
IN EXETER HALL. FIRST ADDRESS. I think it must be self-evident to everyone present that it is the most important question that can possibly occupy the mind of man--how much like God we can be--how near to God we can come on earth preparatory to our being perfectly like Him, and living, as it were, in His very heart for ever and ever in Heaven. Anyone who has any measure of the Spirit of God, must perceive that this is the most important question on which we can concentrate our thoughts; and the
Catherine Booth—Godliness

But Though Prayer is Properly Confined to Vows and Supplications...
But though prayer is properly confined to vows and supplications, yet so strong is the affinity between petition and thanksgiving, that both may be conveniently comprehended under one name. For the forms which Paul enumerates (1 Tim. 2:1) fall under the first member of this division. By prayer and supplication we pour out our desires before God, asking as well those things which tend to promote his glory and display his name, as the benefits which contribute to our advantage. By thanksgiving we duly
John Calvin—Of Prayer--A Perpetual Exercise of Faith

"What is Your Life?"
"Whereas ye know not what shall be on the morrow. For what is your life? It is even as a vapour, that appeareth for a little time, and then vanisheth away."--JAS. iv. 14. AN OLD YEAR SERMON TO-MORROW, the first day of a new year, is a day of wishes. To-day, the last day of an old year, is a day of questions. Tomorrow is a time of anticipation; to-day a time of reflection. To-morrow our thoughts will go away out to the coming opportunities, and the larger vistas which the future is opening up to even
Henry Drummond—The Ideal Life

The Right to My Own Time
"Come now, ye that say, Today or tomorrow we will go into this city, and spend a year there, and trade, and get gain: whereas ye know not what shall be on the morrow.... For that ye ought to say, If the Lord will, we shall both live, and do this or that."--James 4:13-15 "Mrs. Ning and I are going out to see Grandma Woo, who has been sick. Wouldn't you like to come too?" I was sitting at my desk, with all the paraphernalia of Chinese study spread out before me. I looked at my desk, looked at the
Mabel Williamson—Have We No Rights?

Next Let not Man, Now that He Knoweth that by the Grace of God...
44. Next let not man, now that he knoweth that by the grace of God he is what he is, fall into another snare of pride, so as by lifting up himself for the very grace of God to despise the rest. By which fault that other Pharisee both gave thanks unto God for the goods which he had, and yet vaunted himself above the Publican confessing his sins. What therefore should a virgin do, what should she think, that she vaunt not herself above those, men or women, who have not this so great gift? For she ought
St. Augustine—Of Holy Virginity.

Whether Strife is a Daughter of Anger?
Objection 1: It would seem that strife is not a daughter of anger. For it is written (James 4:1): "Whence are wars and contentions? Are they not . . . from your concupiscences, which war in your members?" But anger is not in the concupiscible faculty. Therefore strife is a daughter, not of anger, but of concupiscence. Objection 2: Further, it is written (Prov. 28:25): "He that boasteth and puffeth up himself, stirreth up quarrels." Now strife is apparently the same as quarrel. Therefore it seems
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

Whether Quarreling is Opposed to the virtue of Friendship or Affability?
Objection 1: It seems that quarreling is not opposed to the virtue of friendship or affability. For quarreling seems to pertain to discord, just as contention does. But discord is opposed to charity, as stated above ([3236]Q[37], A[1]). Therefore quarreling is also. Objection 2: Further, it is written (Prov. 26:21): "An angry man stirreth up strife." Now anger is opposed to meekness. Therefore strife or quarreling is also. Objection 3: Further, it is written (James 4:1): "From whence are wars and
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

Whether Backbiting is a Graver Sin than Tale-Bearing?
Objection 1: It would seem that backbiting is a graver sin than tale-bearing. For sins of word consist in speaking evil. Now a backbiter speaks of his neighbor things that are evil simply, for such things lead to the loss or depreciation of his good name: whereas a tale-bearer is only intent on saying what is apparently evil, because to wit they are unpleasant to the hearer. Therefore backbiting is a graver sin than tale-bearing. Objection 2: Further, he that deprives. a man of his good name, deprives
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

Whether Every Sin Includes an Action?
Objection 1: It would seem that every sin includes an action. For as merit is compared with virtue, even so is sin compared with vice. Now there can be no merit without an action. Neither, therefore, can there be sin without action. Objection 2: Further, Augustine says (De Lib. Arb. iii, 18) [*Cf. De Vera Relig. xiv.]: So "true is it that every sin is voluntary, that, unless it be voluntary, it is no sin at all." Now nothing can be voluntary, save through an act of the will. Therefore every sin implies
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

Whether the Reason Can be Overcome by a Passion, against Its Knowledge?
Objection 1: It would seem that the reason cannot be overcome by a passion, against its knowledge. For the stronger is not overcome by the weaker. Now knowledge, on account of its certitude, is the strongest thing in us. Therefore it cannot be overcome by a passion, which is weak and soon passes away. Objection 2: Further, the will is not directed save to the good or the apparent good. Now when a passion draws the will to that which is really good, it does not influence the reason against its knowledge;
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

Whether the Gift of Knowledge is Practical Knowledge?
Objection 1: It would seem that the knowledge, which is numbered among the gifts, is practical knowledge. For Augustine says (De Trin. xii, 14) that "knowledge is concerned with the actions in which we make use of external things." But the knowledge which is concerned about actions is practical. Therefore the gift of knowledge is practical. Objection 2: Further, Gregory says (Moral. i, 32): "Knowledge is nought if it hath not its use for piety . . . and piety is very useless if it lacks the discernment
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

Whether Omission is a Special Sin?
Objection 1: It would seem that omission is not a special sin. For every sin is either original or actual. Now omission is not original sin, for it is not contracted through origin nor is it actual sin, for it may be altogether without act, as stated above ([2975]FS, Q[71], A[5]) when we were treating of sins in general. Therefore omission is not a special sin. Objection 2: Further, every sin is voluntary. Now omission sometimes is not voluntary but necessary, as when a woman is violated after taking
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

Whether a Movement of Faith is Required for the Justification of the Ungodly?
Objection 1: It would seem that no movement of faith is required for the justification of the ungodly. For as a man is justified by faith, so also by other things, viz. by fear, of which it is written (Ecclus. 1:27): "The fear of the Lord driveth out sin, for he that is without fear cannot be justified"; and again by charity, according to Lk. 7:47: "Many sins are forgiven her because she hath loved much"; and again by humility, according to James 4:6: "God resisteth the proud and giveth grace to
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

Whether Humility is the Greatest of the virtues?
Objection 1: It would seem that humility is the greatest of the virtues. For Chrysostom, expounding the story of the Pharisee and the publican (Lk. 18), says [*Eclog. hom. vii de Humil. Animi.] that "if humility is such a fleet runner even when hampered by sin that it overtakes the justice that is the companion of pride, whither will it not reach if you couple it with justice? It will stand among the angels by the judgment seat of God." Hence it is clear that humility is set above justice. Now justice
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

Whether Pride is the Most Grievous of Sins?
Objection 1: It would seem that pride is not the most grievous of sins. For the more difficult a sin is to avoid, the less grievous it would seem to be. Now pride is most difficult to avoid; for Augustine says in his Rule (Ep. ccxi), "Other sins find their vent in the accomplishment of evil deeds, whereas pride lies in wait for good deeds to destroy them." Therefore pride is not the most grievous of sins. Objection 2: Further, "The greater evil is opposed to the greater good," as the Philosopher
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

Whether it was Fitting that the Mother of God Should Go to the Temple to be Purified?
Objection 1: It would seem that it was unfitting for the Mother of God to go to the Temple to be purified. For purification presupposes uncleanness. But there was no uncleanness in the Blessed Virgin, as stated above (QQ[27],28). Therefore she should not have gone to the Temple to be purified. Objection 2: Further, it is written (Lev. 12:2-4): "If a woman, having received seed, shall bear a man-child, she shall be unclean seven days"; and consequently she is forbidden "to enter into the sanctuary
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

Whether Christ Should have Been Baptized in the Jordan?
Objection 1: It would seem that Christ should not have been baptized in the Jordan. For the reality should correspond to the figure. But baptism was prefigured in the crossing of the Red Sea, where the Egyptians were drowned, just as our sins are blotted out in baptism. Therefore it seems that Christ should rather have been baptized in the sea than in the river Jordan. Objection 2: Further, "Jordan" is interpreted a "going down." But by baptism a man goes up rather than down: wherefore it is written
Saint Thomas Aquinas—Summa Theologica

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