Exodus 21:36

But if it was known that the ox had a habit of goring, yet its owner failed to restrain it, he shall pay full compensation, ox for ox, and the dead animal will be his.

Study Bible

But if it was known that the ox had a habit of goring
This phrase addresses the issue of prior knowledge and responsibility. In ancient Israel, oxen were common livestock, essential for agriculture and transportation. The law here implies that if an owner was aware of their ox's dangerous behavior, they had a duty to prevent harm. This reflects a broader biblical principle of accountability, as seen in James 4:17, which states that knowing the right thing to do and failing to do it is sin. The concept of habitual behavior is also significant, as it suggests a pattern that should have prompted action.

yet its owner failed to restrain it
The failure to restrain a known dangerous animal indicates negligence. In the cultural context of the time, community safety was paramount, and individuals were expected to take proactive measures to prevent harm. This principle of responsibility can be seen in other biblical laws, such as Deuteronomy 22:8, which requires building a parapet around a roof to prevent falls. The idea of restraint also has spiritual implications, as believers are called to exercise self-control and vigilance, as seen in 1 Peter 5:8.

he shall pay full compensation, ox for ox
The requirement for full compensation underscores the principle of restitution, a key aspect of biblical justice. This law ensures that the victim is made whole, reflecting God's concern for fairness and equity. The concept of "ox for ox" is an example of the lex talionis, or law of retaliation, which aims to limit retribution to what is just and proportionate. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus teaches about justice and mercy, as in Matthew 5:38-42.

and the dead animal will be his
This final phrase indicates that the owner of the dangerous ox must bear the loss of the dead animal, in addition to providing compensation. This aspect of the law serves as a deterrent, emphasizing the cost of negligence. It also reflects the biblical theme of bearing the consequences of one's actions, as seen in Galatians 6:7, which states that a person reaps what they sow. The transfer of the dead animal to the negligent owner serves as a tangible reminder of their responsibility and the importance of safeguarding others.

Persons / Places / Events

1. The Owner
The individual responsible for the ox, who is expected to manage and restrain it if it is known to be dangerous.

2. The Ox
A domesticated animal, significant in agrarian societies, which could cause harm if not properly managed.

3. The Victim
The person or property affected by the ox's actions, who is entitled to compensation.

4. The Law
Part of the Mosaic Law given to the Israelites, providing guidelines for justice and responsibility.

5. The Community
The broader society that is impacted by the adherence to or neglect of these laws.

Teaching Points

Responsibility and Accountability
The passage emphasizes the importance of taking responsibility for one's property and actions. Owners must be aware of potential dangers and act to prevent harm.

Justice and Restitution
The law requires fair compensation for loss or damage, reflecting God's justice. This principle encourages believers to make amends when they have wronged others.

Community and Care
The well-being of the community is a priority. Believers are called to act in ways that protect and uplift those around them, ensuring safety and harmony.

Awareness and Action
Knowing the potential for harm obligates one to take preventive measures. This principle can be applied to various aspects of life, including relationships and stewardship.

Moral Integrity
Upholding God's laws and principles reflects one's integrity and commitment to living a life that honors Him. Believers are called to be examples of righteousness in their communities.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the principle of responsibility in Exodus 21:36 apply to modern-day situations involving personal property or actions?

2. In what ways can we ensure that we are acting justly and making restitution when we have wronged others, as outlined in this passage?

3. How does the concept of community care in this verse relate to the New Testament teachings on loving one's neighbor?

4. What are some practical steps we can take to be more aware of potential harm our actions or possessions might cause to others?

5. How can we demonstrate moral integrity in our daily lives, reflecting the principles found in Exodus 21:36 and related scriptures?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Genesis 9:5-6
This passage discusses the sanctity of life and the accountability for shedding blood, emphasizing the value of life and responsibility.

Leviticus 19:18
This verse commands love for one's neighbor, which underpins the principle of responsibility and restitution.

Matthew 5:25-26
Jesus speaks about settling matters quickly with an adversary, which relates to the importance of resolving disputes and making restitution.

1 Corinthians 10:24
Paul encourages believers to seek the good of others, aligning with the principle of responsibility for one's actions.

James 4:17
This verse highlights the sin of knowing the right thing to do and failing to do it, which parallels the owner's negligence in restraining the ox.