Exodus 21:35

If a man's ox injures his neighbor's ox and it dies, they must sell the live one and divide the proceeds; they also must divide the dead animal.

Study Bible

If a man’s ox injures his neighbor’s ox and it dies
This phrase introduces a scenario involving property damage, specifically livestock, which was a significant asset in ancient agrarian societies. The ox was a valuable animal used for plowing and transportation, making its loss economically impactful. The context here is part of the Mosaic Law, which provided guidelines for maintaining justice and order within the community. The principle of restitution is emphasized, reflecting the broader biblical theme of justice and fairness. This law underscores the importance of responsibility and accountability for one's property and actions, aligning with the broader biblical narrative of loving one's neighbor (Leviticus 19:18).

they must sell the live one and divide the proceeds
This directive ensures equitable compensation for the loss incurred. By selling the live ox and dividing the proceeds, both parties share the financial burden and benefit, promoting fairness and preventing disputes. This reflects the biblical principle of restitution, where the wronged party is compensated, as seen in other parts of the Mosaic Law (Exodus 22:1-4). The division of proceeds also highlights the communal aspect of ancient Israelite society, where maintaining harmony and justice was paramount.

they also must divide the dead animal
Dividing the dead animal further ensures that both parties share in the loss, preventing one from bearing the entire burden. This aspect of the law reflects the principle of shared responsibility and communal justice. It also serves as a deterrent against negligence, encouraging individuals to take care of their property to avoid such incidents. The division of the dead animal can be seen as a practical solution to a common problem in an agrarian society, ensuring that both parties are treated fairly and equitably. This principle of shared responsibility can be connected to the New Testament teachings on bearing one another's burdens (Galatians 6:2).

Persons / Places / Events

1. Moses
The author of Exodus, who received the laws from God on Mount Sinai and communicated them to the Israelites.

2. Israelites
The recipients of the Mosaic Law, which included civil, ceremonial, and moral laws to govern their society.

3. Oxen
Domesticated animals used for labor and agriculture, significant in the agrarian society of ancient Israel.

4. Owners of the Oxen
Individuals responsible for their animals, highlighting the importance of stewardship and responsibility in community living.

Teaching Points

Principle of Restitution
The law in Exodus 21:35 teaches the importance of making amends for damages caused, promoting justice and fairness in community relationships.

Shared Responsibility
The requirement to divide both the live and dead oxen emphasizes shared responsibility and the need for cooperation in resolving disputes.

Value of Property
This law reflects the value placed on property and possessions, urging believers to respect and care for what belongs to others.

Community Harmony
By providing a clear resolution for disputes, this law helps maintain peace and harmony within the community, a principle that can be applied to modern conflicts.

Stewardship
The passage encourages responsible stewardship of resources, reminding believers of their duty to manage what God has entrusted to them wisely.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the principle of restitution in Exodus 21:35 apply to modern-day conflicts and disputes?

2. In what ways can the concept of shared responsibility be practiced in your community or church?

3. How does the value placed on property in this passage reflect God's view of stewardship and responsibility?

4. What are some practical ways to promote community harmony in light of the teachings in Exodus 21:35?

5. How can the principles found in Exodus 21:35 be related to the teachings of Jesus in the New Testament, particularly in terms of justice and fairness?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Leviticus 24:18
This verse discusses restitution for harm done to another's property, emphasizing the principle of fair compensation.

Matthew 7:12
Known as the Golden Rule, it underscores the importance of treating others as one would like to be treated, which aligns with the fairness and justice seen in Exodus 21:35.

Proverbs 14:4
This verse speaks to the value of oxen in agricultural productivity, providing context for why disputes over oxen were significant.