Deuteronomy 19:11

If, however, a man hates his neighbor and lies in wait, attacks him and kills him, and then flees to one of these cities,

Study Bible

If, however, a man hates his neighbor
This phrase introduces the concept of premeditated murder, contrasting with accidental killings discussed earlier in the chapter. Hatred in the heart is a significant theme in Scripture, often equated with murder (1 John 3:15). The commandment "You shall not murder" (Exodus 20:13) is rooted in the sanctity of life, and harboring hatred violates this principle.

and lies in wait
This indicates premeditation and intent, distinguishing it from crimes of passion or accidental harm. The act of lying in wait suggests a calculated plan, reflecting the deceitfulness of sin (Jeremiah 17:9). It echoes the behavior of Cain, who premeditated the murder of Abel (Genesis 4:8).

attacks him and kills him
The act of murder is the culmination of hatred and deceit. This phrase underscores the severity of taking a life, which is an affront to God, the giver of life (Genesis 2:7). The law provided for capital punishment in such cases (Numbers 35:16-21), emphasizing justice and the value of human life.

and then flees to one of these cities
Referring to the cities of refuge established in Deuteronomy 19:1-10, these cities were meant to protect those who committed unintentional manslaughter. However, a murderer seeking refuge there would be abusing the system. The cities symbolize God's provision of mercy and justice, but they also highlight the need for discernment in applying the law. This foreshadows Christ as our ultimate refuge, offering protection and justice (Hebrews 6:18).

Persons / Places / Events

1. The Hater
This refers to an individual who harbors malice against another person, leading to premeditated murder.

2. The Neighbor
The victim in this scenario, who is targeted by the hater.

3. Cities of Refuge
These were designated places where someone who committed unintentional manslaughter could seek asylum. However, this verse addresses the misuse of these cities by a murderer.

4. The Act of Lying in Wait
This indicates premeditation and intent to harm, distinguishing murder from accidental killing.

5. The Attack and Fatal Strike
The culmination of the hater's intent, resulting in the death of the neighbor.

Teaching Points

The Seriousness of Intent
The verse highlights the gravity of premeditated sin. Intent matters to God, and harboring hatred is a serious offense.

The Role of Justice
God's law provides a clear distinction between accidental and intentional harm, underscoring the importance of justice and righteousness.

The Misuse of Grace
The cities of refuge were meant for protection, not as a loophole for the guilty. This teaches us not to misuse God's grace.

Guarding the Heart
As believers, we must be vigilant against allowing hatred or malice to take root in our hearts, aligning with Jesus' teaching on the heart's condition.

Community Responsibility
The community plays a role in upholding justice and ensuring that the laws are applied correctly, reflecting God's character.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the concept of premeditated sin in Deuteronomy 19:11 challenge us to examine our own hearts and intentions?

2. In what ways can we ensure that we are not misusing God's grace, similar to how the cities of refuge could be misused?

3. How does the distinction between accidental and intentional harm in the Old Testament law inform our understanding of justice today?

4. What practical steps can we take to guard against hatred and malice in our hearts, in light of Jesus' teachings in Matthew 5:21-22?

5. How can the principles of justice and community responsibility in Deuteronomy 19:11 be applied within our church or local community?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Exodus 21:12-14
This passage also discusses the distinction between accidental killing and premeditated murder, emphasizing the need for justice.

Numbers 35:16-21
Provides further details on the laws regarding murder and the role of the cities of refuge.

Matthew 5:21-22
Jesus expands on the commandment against murder, addressing the heart's intent and anger.

1 John 3:15
Discusses how hatred equates to murder in the heart, emphasizing the seriousness of harboring hate.