1 Samuel 21:13

So he changed his behavior before them and feigned madness in their hands; he scratched on the doors of the gate and let his saliva run down his beard.

Study Bible

So he changed his behavior before them
David, fleeing from King Saul, finds himself in the territory of Gath, a Philistine city. This phrase indicates a strategic decision by David to alter his conduct to avoid recognition and potential harm. The context is crucial: David is in enemy territory, and his reputation as a warrior who defeated Goliath, a Philistine champion, precedes him. This act of changing behavior is a survival tactic, reflecting David's resourcefulness and adaptability in dire circumstances.

and feigned madness in their hands;
Feigning madness was a common tactic in ancient times to avoid persecution or harm, as those considered insane were often not seen as threats. In the cultural context, madness was sometimes viewed as a sign of divine displeasure or possession, which could lead to fear or avoidance by others. David's actions here are reminiscent of the wisdom literature, where prudence and cunning are valued (Proverbs 22:3). This act of feigning madness can also be seen as a type of Christ, who, though possessing divine wisdom, was often misunderstood and rejected by those around Him.

he scratched on the doors of the gate
This action further emphasizes David's attempt to appear deranged. The gates of a city were significant places, often where legal matters were discussed and where leaders sat. By scratching on the doors, David is making a public display of his supposed madness, ensuring that his act is visible to all. This behavior might have been intended to provoke a reaction of disdain or pity, rather than hostility, from the Philistines.

and let his saliva run down his beard.
In the cultural and historical context, a man's beard was a symbol of dignity and respect. Allowing saliva to run down one's beard would be seen as a loss of self-respect and an indication of insanity. This act would have been particularly shocking and convincing to the Philistines, reinforcing David's ruse. The beard, often associated with wisdom and honor, being defiled in this way, underscores the depth of David's humiliation and the lengths he was willing to go to preserve his life. This moment can be seen as a foreshadowing of Christ's own humiliation and suffering, where He was despised and rejected by men (Isaiah 53:3).

Persons / Places / Events

1. David
The future king of Israel, anointed by Samuel, who is fleeing from King Saul's wrath. In this passage, David is in a precarious situation, seeking refuge in Gath, a Philistine city.

2. Achish
The king of Gath, a Philistine city. David seeks refuge with him, but the servants of Achish recognize David as a significant threat due to his reputation.

3. Gath
A Philistine city, known as the hometown of Goliath. David's presence here is ironic, given his past victory over Goliath.

4. Philistines
The enemies of Israel, who are suspicious of David due to his past military successes against them.

5. Saul
The current king of Israel, who is pursuing David out of jealousy and fear of losing his throne.

Teaching Points

Wisdom in Adversity
David's actions demonstrate the need for wisdom and discernment when facing danger. He uses his wits to escape a potentially deadly situation.

Trust in God's Protection
Despite his fear, David ultimately trusts in God's protection, as reflected in the psalms he wrote during this time.

Humility and Vulnerability
David's willingness to appear foolish shows humility and a willingness to be vulnerable for the sake of survival.

God's Sovereignty
Even in seemingly desperate situations, God is in control and can use unusual means to protect His people.

The Role of Fear
Fear can drive us to make decisions that seem irrational, but when coupled with faith, it can lead to deliverance.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does David's behavior in 1 Samuel 21:13 reflect his trust in God, despite his fear and desperation?

2. In what ways can we apply David's use of wisdom and discernment in our own lives when facing difficult situations?

3. How do the psalms attributed to this period in David's life (Psalm 34 and Psalm 56) provide insight into his spiritual state and reliance on God?

4. What can we learn from David's humility and willingness to appear foolish for the sake of survival, and how does this apply to our walk with Christ?

5. How does the account of David in Gath illustrate the concept of God's sovereignty and protection, and how can this encourage us in our own trials?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Psalm 34
Traditionally attributed to David during this time, expressing his trust in God despite his dire circumstances.

Psalm 56
Another psalm linked to this period, highlighting David's fear and his reliance on God for deliverance.

1 Samuel 18:7
The song of the women praising David, which contributes to Saul's jealousy and David's subsequent flight.

Matthew 10:16
Jesus instructs His disciples to be "wise as serpents and innocent as doves," which can be related to David's cunning behavior in this passage.