Judgment

In the biblical context, judgment refers to the divine assessment and decision-making process by which God evaluates human actions, thoughts, and intentions. It is a central theme throughout Scripture, reflecting God's holiness, justice, and righteousness. The concept of judgment is multifaceted, encompassing both temporal judgments within history and the ultimate eschatological judgment at the end of time.

1. Divine Judgment in the Old Testament: The Old Testament frequently depicts God as the righteous judge who administers justice among the nations and His people. For instance, in Genesis 18:25, Abraham appeals to God's justice, saying, "Far be it from You to do such a thing—to kill the righteous with the wicked, so that the righteous and the wicked are treated alike. Far be it from You! Will not the Judge of all the earth do what is just?" This passage underscores the belief in God's fair and impartial judgment.

2. Judgment of Israel: Throughout the history of Israel, God’s judgment is evident in His dealings with His chosen people. The prophets often warned of impending judgment due to Israel's disobedience and idolatry. For example, in Isaiah 3:13-14, it is written, "The LORD arises to contend; He stands to judge the people. The LORD brings this charge against the elders and leaders of His people: 'You have devoured the vineyard; the plunder of the poor is in your houses.'"

3. Eschatological Judgment: The concept of a final judgment is prominent in both the Old and New Testaments. Daniel 12:2 speaks of a resurrection and judgment: "And many who sleep in the dust of the earth will awake, some to everlasting life, but others to shame and everlasting contempt." This theme is further developed in the New Testament, where the return of Christ is associated with the final judgment of all humanity.

4. Judgment in the New Testament: Jesus Christ is depicted as the ultimate judge in the New Testament. In John 5:22, it is stated, "Furthermore, the Father judges no one, but has assigned all judgment to the Son." This highlights the authority of Christ in executing divine judgment. The parables of Jesus, such as the Parable of the Sheep and the Goats (Matthew 25:31-46), illustrate the criteria and nature of this judgment.

Retribution

Retribution in the biblical sense refers to the dispensing of reward or punishment in accordance with one's actions. It is closely linked to the concept of divine justice, where God ensures that righteousness is rewarded and wickedness is punished.

1. Principle of Retribution: The principle of retribution is embedded in the moral order established by God. Proverbs 11:21 states, "Be assured that the wicked will not go unpunished, but the offspring of the righteous will escape." This reflects the belief that God’s justice will ultimately prevail, ensuring that each person receives their due.

2. Retribution in the Law: The Mosaic Law contains elements of retributive justice, often summarized by the lex talionis, or the law of retaliation, as seen in Exodus 21:24, "eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot." This principle was intended to limit excessive punishment and ensure justice was proportionate.

3. Divine Retribution in History: The Bible records numerous instances of divine retribution, where God intervenes to punish nations or individuals for their sins. The destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (Genesis 19) and the plagues of Egypt (Exodus 7-12) serve as examples of God’s retributive actions against persistent wickedness.

4. Eternal Retribution: The New Testament expands the concept of retribution to include eternal consequences. In 2 Thessalonians 1:8-9, Paul writes, "He will punish those who do not know God and do not obey the gospel of our Lord Jesus. They will suffer the penalty of eternal destruction, separated from the presence of the Lord and the glory of His might." This underscores the eternal nature of divine retribution for those who reject God.

5. Grace and Mercy: While retribution is a key aspect of divine justice, the Bible also emphasizes God’s grace and mercy. Through Christ’s atoning sacrifice, believers are offered forgiveness and escape from the ultimate retribution of sin. Romans 6:23 declares, "For the wages of sin is death, but the gift of God is eternal life in Christ Jesus our Lord." This highlights the balance between justice and mercy in God’s dealings with humanity.