JUBILEE YEAR

(shenath ha-yobhel; etos tes apheseos; annus jubilaeus, "year of jubilee" (Leviticus 25:13), or simply ha-yobhel, "the jubilee" (Leviticus 25:28; compare Numbers 36:4), the King James Version and the English Revised Version Jubile): The Hebrew word yobhel stands for qeren ha-yobhel, meaning the horn of a ram. Now, such a horn can be made into a trumpet, and thus the word yobhel came to be used as a synonym of trumpet. According to Leviticus 25:9 a loud trumpet should proclaim liberty throughout the country on the 10th day of the 7th month (the Day of Atonement), after the lapse of 7 sabbaths of years = 49 years. In this manner, every 50th year was to be announced as a jubilee year. All real property should automatically revert to its original owner (Leviticus 25:10; compare 25:13), and those who, compelled by poverty, had sold themselves as slaves to their brothers, should regain their liberty (Leviticus 25:10; compare 25:39).

In addition to this, the Jubilee Year was to be observed after the manner of the sabbatic year, i.e. there should be neither sowing nor reaping nor pruning of vines, and everybody was expected to live on what the fields and the vineyards produced "of themselves," and no attempt should be made at storing up the products of the land (Leviticus 25:11 f). Thus there are three distinct factors constituting the essential features of the Jubilee Year: personal liberty, restitution of property, and what we might call the simple life.

1. Personal Liberty:

The 50th year was to be a time in which liberty should be proclaimed to all the inhabitants of the country. We should, indeed, diminish the import of this institution if we should apply it only to those who were to be freed from the bonds of physical servitude. Undoubtedly, they must have been the foremost in realizing its beneficial effects. But the law was intended to benefit all, the masters as well as the servants. They should never lose sight of their being brothers and citizens of theocratic kingdom. They owed their life to God and were subject to His sovereign will. Only through loyalty to Him were they free and could ever hope to be free and independent of all other masters.

2. Restitution of Property:

The institution of the Jubilee Year should become the means of fixing the price of real property (Leviticus 25:15; compare 25:25-28); moreover, it should exclude the possibility of selling any piece of land permanently (Leviticus 25:23), the next verse furnishing the motive: "The land is mine: for ye are strangers and sojourners with me." The same rule was to be applied to dwelling-houses outside of the walled cities (Leviticus 25:31), and also to the houses owned by Levites, although they were built within walled cities (Leviticus 25:32).

In the same manner the price of Hebrew slaves was to vary according to the proximity of the Jubilee Year (Leviticus 25:47-54). This passage deals with the enslaving of a Hebrew by a foreigner living among the Jews; it goes without saying that the same rule would hold good in the case of a Hebrew selling himself to one of his own people. In Leviticus 27:17-25 we find a similar arrangement respecting such lands that were "sanctified unto Yahweh." In all these cases the original owner was at liberty to redeem his property at any time, or have it redeemed by some of his nearest relatives (25:25-27, 29, 48;; 27:19).

The crowning feature, though, was the full restitution of all real property in the Jubilee Year. The primary object of this regulation was, of course, the reversion of all hereditary property to the family which originally possessed it, and the reestablishment of the original arrangement regarding the division of the land. But that was not all; for this legal disposition and regulation of external matters was closely connected with the high calling of the Jewish people. It was a part of the Divine plan looking forward to the salvation of mankind. "The deepest meaning of it (the Jubilee Year) is to be found in the apokatastasis tes basileias tou theou, i.e. in the restoring of all that which in the course of time was perverted by man's sin, in the removing of all slavery of sin, in the establishing of the true liberty of the children of God, and in the delivering of the creation from the bondage of corruption to which it was subjected on account of man's depravity" (Romans 8:19) (compare Keil, Manual of Biblical Archaeology). In the Year of Jubilee a great future era of Yahweh's favor is foreshadowed, that period which, according to Isaiah 61:1-3, shall be ushered in to all those that labor and are heavy laden, by Him who was anointed by the spirit of the Lord Yahweh.

3. The Simple Life:

The Jubilee Year, being the crowning point of all sabbatical institutions, gave the finishing touch as it were to the whole cycle of sabbatic days, months and years. It is, therefore, quite appropriate that it should be a year of rest for the land like the preceding sabbatic year (Leviticus 25:11 f). It follows, of course, that in this instance there were two years, one after the other, in which there should be no sowing or systematic ingathering. This seems to be clear from Leviticus 25:18-22: "And ye shall sow the eighth year, and eat of the fruits, the old store; until the ninth year, until its fruits come in, ye shall eat the old store." Thus in the 7th and 8th years the people were to live on what the fields had produced in the 6th year and whatever grew spontaneously. This shows the reason why we may say that one of the factors constituting the Jubilee Year was the "simple life." They could not help but live simply for two consecutive years. Nobody can deny that this afforded ample opportunity to develop the habit of living within very limited means. And again we see that this external part of the matter did not fully come up to the intention of the Lawgiver. It was not the simple life as such that He had in view, but rather the laying down of its moral and religious foundations. In this connection we must again refer to Leviticus 25:18-22, "What shall we eat the seventh year?" The answer is very simple and yet of surpassing grandeur: "Then I will command my blessing upon you," etc. Nothing was expected of the people but faith in Yahweh and confidence in His power, which was not to be shaken by any doubtful reflection. And right here we have found the root of the simple life: no life without the true God, and no simplicity of life without true faith in Him. "Man shall not live by bread alone, but by every word that proceedeth out of the mouth of God" (Matthew 4:4; compare Deuteronomy 8:3).

We may well ask: Did the Jewish people ever observe the Jubilee Year? There is no reason why they should not have observed it in pre-exilic times (compare Lotz in The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge, X, under the word "Sabbatical Year" and "Year of Jubilee"). Perhaps they signally failed in it, and if so, we should not be surprised at all. Not that the institution in itself was cumbered with any obstacles that could not have been overcome; but what is more common than unbelief and unwillingness to trust absolutely in Yahweh? Or, was it observed in post-exilic times? Here, too, we are in the dark. There is, indeed, a tradition according to which the Jubilee Year has never been observed-neither in the time of Ezra and Nehemiah nor at any later period. The truth of this seems to be corroborated by the silence of Josephus, who, while referring quite frequently to the sabbatic year, never once mentions the Year of Jubilee.

William Baur

The Year of Jubilee.
... ORIGINAL HYMNS HYMN CCLXIII. The Year of Jubilee. 6.6.6.6.8.8 James Montgomery.
The Year of Jubilee. Fair shines the morning star; ...
/.../montgomery/sacred poems and hymns/hymn cclxiii the year of.htm

The Jubilee Proclaimed.
... 1 Blow ye the trumpet, blow, The gladly solemn sound; Let all the nations know,
To earth's remotest bound, The year of jubilee is come; Return, ye ransomed ...
/.../adams/hymns for christian devotion/261 the jubilee proclaimed.htm

Sojourners with God
... The singular institution of the Jubilee year had more than one purpose.
As a social and economical arrangement it tended to prevent ...
/.../maclaren/expositions of holy scripture k/sojourners with god.htm

Jesus visits Nazareth and is Rejected.
... The prophecy closes with a reference to the jubilee year, which, being a time of
liberation, forgiveness, and fresh starts, was a type of Christ's ministry and ...
/.../mcgarvey/the four-fold gospel/lx jesus visits nazareth and.htm

Commerce
... 23:20). Again, the law of the Sabbatic and of the Jubilee year would have
brought all extended commerce to a standstill. Nor was ...
/.../edersheim/sketches of jewish social life/chapter 12 commerce.htm

On the Jubilee of the Church Missionary Society.
... Love reconcile all enemies,. Or wrath subdue beneath His feet. A year of Jubilee
we hail! Since we in faith this work began. It must go on: it cannot fail. ...
/.../montgomery/sacred poems and hymns/hymn cclxx on the jubilee.htm

For the Jubilee of the Religious Tract Society, 1848
... For the Jubilee of the Religious Tract Society, 1848. Proclaim the year of Jubilee;
New songs of glory sing; From shore to shore, from sea to sea,. ...
/.../montgomery/sacred poems and hymns/hymn cclxxv for the jubilee.htm

For the Sunday-School Jubilee, the Birthday of Robert Raikes, the ...
... The Sabbath School-house stands. Heralds of peace proclaim. The year of jubilee;
Now in the Babe of Bethlehem's Name,. Bid every child go free. ...
/.../montgomery/sacred poems and hymns/hymn cccxl for the sunday-school.htm

Leviticus
... xxv."the sacred years"(a) the sabbatical year: the land, like the man, must enjoy
a Sabbath rest, vv.1-7; (b) the jubilee year, an intensification of the ...
/.../christianbookshelf.org/mcfadyen/introduction to the old testament/leviticus.htm

Boniface viii Ad 1294-1303.
... In the year 1300 Boniface set on foot what was called the Jubilee. You will
remember the Jubilee which God in the Law of Moses commanded ...
/.../chapter xvi boniface viii ad.htm