Gates

In biblical times, gates were significant architectural and social features of ancient cities. They served not only as points of entry and exit but also as places of commerce, legal proceedings, and public discourse. The Hebrew word for gate, "sha'ar," appears frequently in the Old Testament, underscoring the importance of gates in the life of Israel.

1. Architectural and Defensive Role:
Gates were integral to the defense of a city. They were often fortified and guarded to protect against invaders. In Nehemiah 3, the rebuilding of Jerusalem's walls includes detailed accounts of the various gates, such as the Sheep Gate, Fish Gate, and Dung Gate, each serving specific functions and symbolizing the restoration of the city's security and order.

2. Social and Legal Functions:
Gates were central to the social and judicial life of a community. They were places where elders and leaders sat to administer justice and conduct legal transactions. In Ruth 4:1-11, Boaz goes to the town gate to settle the matter of redeeming Ruth, illustrating the gate's role as a venue for legal proceedings.

3. Symbolic and Prophetic Significance:
Gates also hold symbolic meaning in Scripture. They represent access and authority. In Psalm 24:7-10, the psalmist calls for the gates to lift up their heads to welcome the King of Glory, symbolizing the opening of one's heart to God's presence. In the New Testament, Jesus refers to the "gates of Hades" in Matthew 16:18, signifying the power of death and evil that will not prevail against His church.

Courts

Courts in the biblical context refer primarily to the open spaces within the tabernacle and temple complexes, as well as the areas where legal and communal activities took place. The Hebrew word "chatser" is often used to describe these spaces.

1. The Tabernacle and Temple Courts:
The tabernacle, as described in Exodus, had an outer court where the altar of burnt offering and the bronze basin were located (Exodus 27:9-19). This court was a place of sacrifice and worship, accessible to the Israelites. Similarly, Solomon's Temple and the Second Temple had courts, including the Court of the Gentiles, the Court of Women, and the inner courts reserved for priests and Levites.

2. Legal and Communal Functions:
Courts were also places where legal matters were adjudicated. In Deuteronomy 17:8-9, the Israelites are instructed to bring difficult cases to the Levitical priests and the judge in office, who would render decisions in the place the LORD chose, often understood to be the temple courts.

3. Symbolic and Eschatological Themes:
Courts carry symbolic weight in biblical literature. They represent the place of God's presence and judgment. In Psalm 84:10, the psalmist expresses a deep longing to dwell in the courts of the LORD, highlighting the courts as places of divine fellowship and blessing. In eschatological visions, such as those in Ezekiel 40-48, the courts of the future temple symbolize the restoration and perfection of worship in the Messianic age.

4. New Testament Context:
In the New Testament, the temple courts continue to be significant. Jesus taught in the temple courts (John 7:14), and the early church gathered there for prayer and teaching (Acts 2:46). The courts thus served as vital centers for religious instruction and community life in the early Christian era.

In summary, gates and courts in the Bible are multifaceted in their roles and meanings, serving as physical, social, legal, and spiritual centers in the life of God's people.