The Breastplate of Judgment, also known as the Breastplate of Decision, is a significant element of the high priest's sacred garments as described in the Old Testament. It is primarily detailed in the Book of Exodus, where God provides Moses with specific instructions for its construction and use. The breastplate is a symbol of divine guidance and judgment, serving as a tangible representation of the high priest's role as an intermediary between God and the Israelites.

Biblical Description and Construction

The instructions for the Breastplate of Judgment are found in Exodus 28:15-30. The breastplate is to be made by skilled craftsmen, using materials of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and fine twisted linen. It is to be square when folded, measuring a span in length and a span in width. The breastplate is adorned with four rows of precious stones, each stone representing one of the twelve tribes of Israel. The stones are set in gold filigree, and each stone is engraved with the name of a tribe.

The Berean Standard Bible states in Exodus 28:17-21: "And mount on it a setting of gemstones—four rows of stones: The first row shall be a ruby, a topaz, and an emerald; the second row shall be a turquoise, a sapphire, and a diamond; the third row shall be a jacinth, an agate, and an amethyst; and the fourth row shall be a beryl, an onyx, and a jasper. Mount these stones in gold filigree settings. The twelve stones are to correspond to the names of the sons of Israel, each engraved like a seal with the name of one of the twelve tribes."

The breastplate is attached to the ephod, another priestly garment, by gold chains and blue cords, ensuring it remains securely in place over the high priest's heart.

Function and Significance

The Breastplate of Judgment holds the Urim and Thummim, mysterious objects used to discern God's will in decision-making. Exodus 28:30 states, "Place the Urim and Thummim in the breastpiece of judgment, so that they will also be over Aaron’s heart whenever he enters the presence of the LORD. Thus Aaron will always bear the means of judgment for the Israelites over his heart before the LORD."

The breastplate's primary function is to serve as a tool for divine communication. When the high priest enters the Holy of Holies, he carries the names of the tribes of Israel over his heart, symbolizing his role as their representative before God. The Urim and Thummim, though not explicitly described in function, are believed to be used for casting lots or receiving divine answers to questions posed by the leaders of Israel.

Theological Implications

The Breastplate of Judgment underscores the importance of seeking God's guidance in matters of judgment and decision-making. It highlights the high priest's role as a mediator, bearing the spiritual and communal responsibilities of the people. The breastplate's design, with its precious stones and intricate craftsmanship, reflects the value and beauty of God's covenant with Israel.

In the broader biblical narrative, the Breastplate of Judgment foreshadows the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ, who intercedes on behalf of humanity. As described in the New Testament, Christ fulfills the role of mediator, offering direct access to God through His sacrifice and ongoing intercession.

The Breastplate of Judgment remains a powerful symbol of divine justice, guidance, and the enduring relationship between God and His people.