In biblical times, leather was a significant material used for various purposes, including clothing, footwear, and writing materials. The process of tanning animal hides to produce leather was well-known in ancient cultures, including those mentioned in the Bible. Leather's durability and flexibility made it a valuable resource in the daily life of the Israelites and other ancient peoples.

Biblical References and Uses

1. Clothing and Accessories: Leather was commonly used for making garments and accessories. One of the most notable references to leather clothing is found in the description of John the Baptist, who "wore a garment of camel’s hair, with a leather belt around his waist" (Matthew 3:4). This attire was reminiscent of the prophet Elijah, who is described as "a hairy man with a leather belt around his waist" (2 Kings 1:8).

2. Footwear: Sandals made of leather were typical in biblical times. The durability of leather made it an ideal material for footwear in the rugged terrain of the ancient Near East. In Ezekiel 16:10, God describes His care for Jerusalem, saying, "I clothed you with embroidered cloth and put sandals of fine leather on your feet" .

3. Writing Materials: Leather was also used as a writing surface. Parchment, a writing material made from animal skins, was a precursor to modern paper and was used for important documents and scrolls. While the Bible does not explicitly mention parchment, it is understood that many biblical texts were originally written on such materials.

4. Tents and Tabernacle: Leather was used in the construction of tents, including the Tabernacle, which was the portable dwelling place for the presence of God among the Israelites. In Exodus 26:14, instructions are given for the Tabernacle's covering: "Make for the tent a covering of ram skins dyed red, and over that a covering of fine leather" . This highlights the use of leather as a protective and decorative element.

5. Symbolism and Rituals: Leather also held symbolic significance in various rituals and practices. For instance, the use of leather in the Tabernacle's construction symbolized protection and sanctity. Additionally, leather straps, known as phylacteries or tefillin, were used in Jewish prayer rituals, as mentioned in Deuteronomy 6:8: "Tie them as reminders on your hands and bind them on your foreheads" .

Cultural and Historical Context

The process of tanning leather involved several steps, including cleaning, stretching, and treating the hides with natural substances to preserve and soften them. This craft was likely passed down through generations, with specific families or guilds specializing in leatherwork.

Leather's significance extended beyond practical uses; it also played a role in the cultural and religious life of the Israelites. The durability and versatility of leather made it a symbol of strength and resilience, qualities that were highly valued in the biblical narrative.

In summary, leather was an essential material in biblical times, serving practical, cultural, and religious purposes. Its presence in the Bible underscores its importance in the daily life and spiritual practices of the ancient Israelites.