The LORD reigns
The phrase "The LORD reigns" is a powerful declaration of God's sovereignty and kingship. The Hebrew word for "LORD" here is "Yahweh," the personal name of God, emphasizing His eternal and self-existent nature. "Reigns" comes from the Hebrew root "malak," which means to be king or to rule. This phrase asserts that God is the ultimate authority over all creation, a comforting truth for believers who trust in His divine governance. Historically, this proclamation would have been a source of hope and assurance for the Israelites, who often faced threats from surrounding nations. It reminds us today that despite the chaos in the world, God is in control.

let the nations tremble
The call for the nations to "tremble" reflects the awe and reverence due to God's majestic power. The Hebrew word "ragaz" conveys a sense of quaking or shaking, often associated with fear or reverence. In the ancient Near Eastern context, nations were often in conflict, and the idea of a supreme deity reigning over all would indeed cause them to tremble. This trembling is not just fear but a recognition of God's holiness and justice. For Christians, it serves as a reminder that all nations are accountable to God, and His righteous judgment will prevail.

He is enthroned above the cherubim
The imagery of God being "enthroned above the cherubim" draws from the Ark of the Covenant, where the presence of God was believed to dwell between the cherubim on the mercy seat (Exodus 25:22). The cherubim are angelic beings that symbolize God's holiness and majesty. The Hebrew word "yashab" for "enthroned" suggests a settled, sovereign rule. This phrase emphasizes God's transcendence and His intimate presence with His people. It reassures believers of God's nearness and His role as the divine King who is both majestic and approachable through His covenant.

let the earth quake
The command for the earth to "quake" underscores the universal impact of God's reign. The Hebrew word "nua" means to shake or totter, indicating a response to God's overwhelming presence. In biblical times, natural phenomena like earthquakes were often seen as manifestations of divine activity. This phrase serves as a metaphor for the transformative power of God's rule, which affects all creation. For Christians, it is a call to recognize the profound changes that God's kingdom brings to the world and to live in anticipation of His ultimate renewal of all things.

Great is the LORD
The phrase "Great is the LORD" sets the tone for the entire verse, emphasizing the supreme and unparalleled nature of God. The Hebrew word for "great" is "gadol," which conveys not only size but also importance, power, and majesty. In the ancient Near Eastern context, where many cultures worshipped a pantheon of gods, the declaration of the LORD's greatness underscores His sovereignty and uniqueness. This greatness is not just in power but in moral authority and holiness, setting the LORD apart from all other deities. The phrase invites believers to reflect on the vastness of God's character and His deeds throughout history, encouraging a posture of awe and reverence.

in Zion
The mention of "in Zion" is significant, as Zion is often used in the Bible to refer to Jerusalem, the city of David, and the spiritual center of Israel. In a broader sense, Zion represents the dwelling place of God among His people. The Hebrew word "Tsiyon" carries connotations of a fortress or a place of refuge, highlighting the security and stability found in God's presence. Historically, Zion was the location of the Temple, where God's glory was manifest. This phrase reminds believers of the centrality of worship and the importance of gathering in God's presence, both in the physical sense for ancient Israel and spiritually for Christians today.

He is exalted
The phrase "He is exalted" speaks to the elevation and honor given to God above all else. The Hebrew root "rum" means to be high, lifted up, or exalted. This is not just a physical elevation but a recognition of God's supreme authority and position. In the biblical narrative, God is often described as being exalted above the heavens, indicating His transcendence and omnipotence. This exaltation is a call to worship, acknowledging that God is worthy of all praise and adoration. It challenges believers to lift God high in their own lives, prioritizing His will and glory above personal desires and worldly concerns.

above all the peoples
The phrase "above all the peoples" highlights God's universal reign and authority over all nations and ethnic groups. The Hebrew word for "peoples" is "amim," which refers to various groups or nations. This underscores the inclusivity of God's sovereignty; He is not just the God of Israel but the God of all creation. Historically, this would have been a radical statement in a world where gods were often seen as tribal or national deities. For Christians, this phrase reinforces the Great Commission, the call to spread the Gospel to all nations, recognizing that God's love and authority extend to every corner of the earth. It serves as a reminder of the unity and equality of all people under God's rule, encouraging believers to embrace diversity and work towards peace and reconciliation.

Let them praise
The phrase "Let them praise" is an invitation and a command to worship. The Hebrew root for "praise" is "הלל" (halal), which means to boast, to shine, or to celebrate. This word is the root of "Hallelujah," a term of exuberant praise to God. In the context of ancient Israel, praise was not merely a personal act but a communal one, often expressed through song, dance, and music in the temple. The call to praise is a call to recognize God's sovereignty and goodness, encouraging believers to join together in acknowledging His majesty.

Your great and awesome name
The "name" in Hebrew, "שם" (shem), signifies more than just a label; it represents the character and essence of a person. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a name held power and authority. God's name is described as "great and awesome," emphasizing His supreme authority and the reverence due to Him. The term "awesome" comes from the Hebrew "ירא" (yare), which conveys a sense of fear, reverence, and awe. This reflects the biblical understanding that God's presence and character are overwhelming and deserving of deep respect and honor.

He is holy
The declaration "He is holy" is central to understanding God's nature. The Hebrew word for holy, "קדוש" (qadosh), means set apart, sacred, or distinct. Holiness is a defining attribute of God, indicating His purity, moral perfection, and separation from sin. In the biblical narrative, God's holiness is both a source of comfort and a call to action for His people. It reassures believers of His perfect justice and righteousness while also calling them to live lives that reflect His holiness. The holiness of God is a theme that runs throughout Scripture, reminding us of His otherness and the reverence He commands.

The mighty King
The phrase "The mighty King" refers to God as the sovereign ruler over all creation. In Hebrew, the word for "king" is "melek," which signifies authority, power, and governance. This title emphasizes God's supreme authority and His ability to rule with justice and righteousness. Historically, kings were seen as the ultimate authority in their realms, and this imagery is used to convey God's unmatched power and dominion over the universe. In a conservative Christian perspective, this highlights the belief in God's omnipotence and His rightful place as the ruler of all.

loves justice
The phrase "loves justice" reveals God's character and His deep commitment to fairness and righteousness. The Hebrew word for "justice" is "mishpat," which encompasses the idea of making right decisions and ensuring fairness. This reflects God's nature as one who not only enforces justice but delights in it. In the biblical context, justice is not merely a legal term but a moral and ethical standard that God upholds. For conservative Christians, this underscores the importance of living a life that aligns with God's standards of justice, as it is a reflection of His own character.

You have established equity
"You have established equity" speaks to God's role in creating a balanced and fair order in the world. The Hebrew word for "equity" is "meshar," which implies uprightness and fairness. This phrase indicates that God has set a standard of fairness that governs His creation. In the historical context of ancient Israel, equity was crucial for maintaining social harmony and ensuring that all people were treated fairly. From a conservative Christian viewpoint, this phrase reassures believers that God's governance is just and that He has set a moral order that reflects His righteousness.

You have executed justice and righteousness
The phrase "You have executed justice and righteousness" highlights God's active role in implementing His standards of justice and moral integrity. The Hebrew words "mishpat" (justice) and "tsedaqah" (righteousness) are often paired together in the Bible to describe God's actions and expectations for His people. This indicates that God not only loves justice but actively works to bring it about in the world. For conservative Christians, this serves as a call to action to emulate God's justice and righteousness in their own lives, striving to reflect His character in their interactions with others.

in Jacob
The phrase "in Jacob" refers to the nation of Israel, the descendants of Jacob, who was later named Israel. This highlights the special relationship between God and His chosen people. In the historical and scriptural context, God established His covenant with Jacob and his descendants, promising to be their God and to guide them according to His laws. For conservative Christians, this phrase serves as a reminder of God's faithfulness to His promises and His ongoing relationship with His people, both in the Old Testament and through the new covenant established by Jesus Christ.

Exalt the LORD our God
The word "Exalt" in Hebrew is "רוּם" (rum), which means to lift up or elevate. This action of exalting is not merely a physical act but a spiritual one, where believers are called to elevate God in their hearts and minds above all else. Historically, the Israelites were surrounded by nations that worshipped multiple gods, yet they were called to exalt the LORD, Yahweh, as the one true God. This call to exaltation is a reminder of God's supreme authority and holiness, urging believers to prioritize Him in their lives.

and worship at His footstool
The term "worship" comes from the Hebrew "שָׁחָה" (shachah), meaning to bow down or prostrate oneself. This act of worship is one of humility and reverence, acknowledging God's majesty and our own human limitations. The "footstool" is a metaphorical expression, often understood as the earth or the temple, where God's presence dwells. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, a footstool was a place of submission, indicating that worshippers are to submit themselves fully to God's will and authority.

He is holy!
The declaration "He is holy" emphasizes God's distinctness and purity. The Hebrew word for holy is "קָדוֹשׁ" (qadosh), which signifies being set apart. God's holiness is a central theme throughout the Bible, highlighting His moral perfection and separateness from sin. This holiness demands a response from believers, calling them to live lives that reflect God's purity and righteousness. The exclamation point underscores the importance and intensity of this truth, inviting believers to meditate on the awe-inspiring nature of God's holiness.

Moses and Aaron
Moses and Aaron are central figures in the history of Israel, representing leadership and priesthood. Moses, whose name in Hebrew is "Moshe," is often seen as the great lawgiver and prophet, while Aaron, "Aharon" in Hebrew, is the first high priest. Their roles were divinely appointed, and they served as mediators between God and the people. Historically, Moses led the Israelites out of Egypt, and Aaron assisted him, particularly in the priestly functions. Their mention here underscores the importance of faithful leadership and the divine calling to serve God and His people.

were among His priests
The phrase highlights the unique role Moses and Aaron played in serving God. Although Moses is not traditionally listed among the priests, his role in establishing the covenant and his direct communication with God set him apart as a spiritual leader. Aaron, as the first high priest, established the priestly lineage. The Hebrew word for priest, "kohen," signifies one who serves in sacred duties. This phrase emphasizes the sanctity and responsibility of those who serve God, pointing to the necessity of holiness and dedication in spiritual leadership.

Samuel was among those who called on His name
Samuel, whose name in Hebrew is "Shemuel," meaning "heard of God," was a prophet and judge in Israel. His life was marked by his dedication to God from a young age, and he played a crucial role in transitioning Israel from the period of judges to the monarchy. The phrase "called on His name" indicates a deep, personal relationship with God, characterized by prayer and intercession. Samuel's inclusion here highlights the power of prayer and the importance of seeking God's guidance and intervention in times of need.

They called to the LORD
This phrase underscores the act of prayer and communication with God. The Hebrew word for "called," "qara," implies a vocal and earnest appeal. It reflects the faith and trust these leaders had in God's ability to hear and respond. Calling on the LORD is an act of worship and dependence, recognizing His sovereignty and willingness to engage with His people. This serves as an encouragement for believers to approach God with confidence, knowing that He listens to the cries of His people.

and He answered
The assurance that God answered their calls is a testament to His faithfulness and responsiveness. The Hebrew root "anah" means to respond or reply, indicating that God is not distant or indifferent but actively involved in the lives of those who seek Him. This phrase provides comfort and assurance that God is attentive to the prayers of His people. It serves as a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and His followers, where He promises to be present and responsive to their needs and petitions.

He spoke to them
This phrase highlights the direct communication between God and His people. In the Hebrew context, the verb "spoke" (דִּבֶּר, dibber) signifies not just casual conversation but authoritative and divine instruction. This underscores the personal nature of God's relationship with Israel, where He actively engages with His chosen people. Historically, this communication was a privilege and a sign of God's favor, setting Israel apart from other nations.

from the pillar of cloud
The "pillar of cloud" (עַמּוּד הֶעָנָן, ammud he'anan) is a significant symbol of God's presence and guidance during the Israelites' exodus from Egypt. This miraculous phenomenon provided both direction and protection, as described in Exodus 13:21-22. The cloud represented God's glory and was a visible assurance of His covenant with Israel. Archaeologically, while no physical evidence of the cloud exists, its consistent mention in scripture underscores its importance in Israel's collective memory and identity.

they kept His decrees
The phrase "they kept" (שָׁמְרוּ, shameru) implies obedience and careful observance. In the Hebrew tradition, keeping God's decrees (חֻקִּים, chuqqim) was central to maintaining a covenant relationship with Him. This obedience was not merely legalistic but a heartfelt response to God's faithfulness and love. Historically, the Israelites' commitment to God's decrees was a testament to their identity as a people set apart for His purposes.

and the statutes He gave them
The "statutes" (תּוֹרוֹת, torot) refer to the specific laws and commandments given by God, particularly those delivered through Moses. These statutes were not arbitrary rules but were designed to guide Israel in righteous living and worship. The giving of these statutes was a formative event in Israel's history, as seen in the Sinai covenant. Scripturally, these laws were seen as a source of wisdom and life, reflecting God's holy character and His desire for His people to reflect that holiness in their lives.

O LORD our God
This phrase acknowledges the covenant relationship between God and His people. The Hebrew word for "LORD" is "Yahweh," the sacred name of God, emphasizing His eternal and self-existent nature. "Our God" signifies a personal and communal relationship, reminding believers of God's faithfulness and sovereignty. Historically, this reflects the Israelites' understanding of God as both transcendent and immanent, involved in the lives of His chosen people.

You answered them
The Hebrew root for "answered" is "עָנָה" (anah), which implies a response to a call or plea. This highlights God's attentiveness and willingness to engage with His people. Throughout scripture, God is depicted as one who hears and responds to the cries of His people, reinforcing His role as a compassionate and involved deity. This assurance of divine response is a source of comfort and encouragement for believers, affirming that God is not distant but actively involved in their lives.

You were a forgiving God to them
The concept of forgiveness is central to the character of God. The Hebrew word for "forgiving" is "נָשָׂא" (nasa), meaning to lift, carry, or take away. This imagery conveys the idea of God removing the burden of sin from His people. In the historical context, this reflects God's mercy and grace, as seen in His dealings with Israel despite their repeated disobedience. For Christians, this foreshadows the ultimate forgiveness offered through Jesus Christ, emphasizing the continuity of God's redemptive plan.

yet an avenger of their misdeeds
The term "avenger" comes from the Hebrew "נָקַם" (naqam), which means to take vengeance or to punish. This aspect of God's character underscores His justice and righteousness. While God is forgiving, He is also just and holds His people accountable for their actions. This duality of forgiveness and justice is a recurring theme in scripture, illustrating that God's love does not negate His holiness. Historically, this served as a warning to Israel to remain faithful and obedient, and it continues to remind believers of the seriousness of sin and the need for repentance.

Exalt
The word "exalt" in this context is a call to lift up or elevate in honor and reverence. In Hebrew, the root word is "rum," which means to raise or elevate. This action is not merely physical but deeply spiritual, signifying the act of placing God in the highest position in our lives. Historically, the Israelites were called to exalt God above all other gods and idols, recognizing His supreme authority and sovereignty. This call to exaltation is a reminder for believers to prioritize God in their hearts and lives, acknowledging His rightful place as the King of kings.

the LORD
The term "LORD" in the Berean Standard Bible is a translation of the Hebrew name "Yahweh," which is the personal and covenantal name of God. This name signifies God's eternal existence, faithfulness, and unchanging nature. In the context of Psalm 99, it emphasizes God's holiness and His unique relationship with His people. The use of "LORD" here is a reminder of God's intimate involvement in the lives of His followers and His commitment to His promises.

our God
The phrase "our God" personalizes the relationship between the worshiper and the divine. It reflects the covenant relationship that God established with Israel and, by extension, with all believers through Christ. The possessive "our" indicates a communal and personal connection, highlighting the privilege of belonging to God and being part of His people. This relationship is central to the identity of believers, who are called to live in a way that honors God as their sovereign Lord.

and worship
"Worship" in this context is derived from the Hebrew word "shachah," which means to bow down or prostrate oneself. It is an act of reverence and submission, acknowledging God's majesty and authority. Worship is not limited to rituals or ceremonies but is a lifestyle of devotion and obedience. Historically, worship involved sacrifices and offerings, but in the New Testament, it is expanded to include living a life that reflects God's holiness and love.

at His holy mountain
The "holy mountain" refers to Mount Zion, the location of the temple in Jerusalem, which was considered the dwelling place of God among His people. In ancient Israel, the temple was the center of worship and the place where God's presence was most profoundly experienced. The mountain symbolizes God's holiness and the separation between the divine and the profane. For Christians, this imagery points to the ultimate fulfillment of God's presence through Jesus Christ, who bridges the gap between God and humanity.

for the LORD our God is holy
This phrase underscores the central theme of God's holiness, which is a key attribute of His character. The Hebrew word for "holy" is "qadosh," meaning set apart, pure, and sacred. God's holiness is foundational to His nature and is the standard by which He calls His people to live. The repetition of God's holiness throughout Psalm 99 serves as a reminder of His perfection and the reverence due to Him. It calls believers to reflect His holiness in their lives, striving to be set apart for His purposes.