Hallelujah!
The word "Hallelujah" is a transliteration of the Hebrew phrase "Hallelu Yah," which means "Praise the LORD." This exclamation is a call to worship and is often used to express joy and gratitude towards God. The term "Yah" is a shortened form of "Yahweh," the covenant name of God, emphasizing His eternal and unchanging nature. In the context of Psalm 148, "Hallelujah" serves as an invitation to all creation to join in the worship of the Creator, setting the tone for the entire psalm.

Praise the LORD
The phrase "Praise the LORD" is a directive to honor and glorify God. The Hebrew word for "praise" is "halal," which means to boast or to shine. This suggests that praising God involves not only words but also actions that reflect His glory. The use of "LORD" in all capital letters indicates the translation of "Yahweh," the personal name of God, highlighting His relationship with His people. This call to praise is not just for individuals but for all of creation, acknowledging God's sovereignty and majesty.

from the heavens
The phrase "from the heavens" indicates the starting point of this universal call to worship. In Hebrew, "heavens" is "shamayim," which refers to the sky, the abode of celestial bodies, and the dwelling place of God. This suggests that praise should originate from the highest realms, encompassing both the physical and spiritual dimensions. The heavens are often seen as a testament to God's creative power and glory, as seen in other scriptures like Psalm 19:1, which declares, "The heavens declare the glory of God."

praise Him
The repetition of "praise Him" emphasizes the importance and urgency of worshiping God. It serves as a reminder that all creation is called to acknowledge God's greatness. The act of praising is not just a duty but a privilege, allowing believers to participate in the divine purpose of glorifying God. This call to praise is inclusive, inviting all beings, both celestial and terrestrial, to join in the chorus of worship.

in the highest places
The phrase "in the highest places" refers to the exalted realms beyond the earthly sphere. In Hebrew, "highest places" can be understood as "heights" or "exalted places," suggesting the loftiest parts of creation. This indicates that God's praise is not confined to the earth but extends to the entire universe. It reflects the biblical theme of God's transcendence, as He is above all creation, yet intimately involved with it. This call to praise from the highest places underscores the comprehensive nature of worship, encompassing all levels of existence.

Praise Him
The Hebrew word for "praise" is "halal," which means to boast or to glorify. This word is the root of "Hallelujah," a term often used in worship. In the context of this verse, it is a call to the heavenly beings to glorify God. The act of praising is not just a verbal acknowledgment but a deep, heartfelt expression of reverence and adoration. It is a reminder that worship is central to the life of all creation, both seen and unseen.

all His angels
The term "angels" comes from the Hebrew word "mal'ak," meaning "messenger." Angels are spiritual beings created by God to serve Him and carry out His will. They are often depicted in Scripture as worshippers of God, as seen in Isaiah 6:3, where the seraphim proclaim, "Holy, holy, holy is the LORD of Hosts." The phrase "all His angels" emphasizes the totality of the heavenly host, indicating that every angelic being is called to participate in the worship of God. This reflects the order and harmony of God's creation, where even the most powerful spiritual beings are subject to His authority and glory.

Praise Him
Reiterating the call to glorify God, this repetition underscores the importance and urgency of worship. It serves as a reminder that praise is not a one-time act but a continual, ongoing response to God's majesty and sovereignty.

all His heavenly hosts
The phrase "heavenly hosts" refers to the multitude of celestial beings that serve God. The Hebrew word "tsaba" is often used to describe an army or a large group organized for a purpose. In this context, it highlights the organized and purposeful nature of the heavenly beings in their service and worship of God. The heavenly hosts are depicted in Scripture as mighty and numerous, as seen in 2 Kings 6:17, where Elisha's servant's eyes are opened to see the hills full of horses and chariots of fire. This imagery conveys the power and majesty of God's creation, where even the most formidable forces are aligned in worship and service to Him.

Praise Him
The call to "Praise Him" is a directive that transcends human boundaries, extending to the celestial bodies. The Hebrew word for "praise" is "halal," which means to boast or to glorify. This word is the root of "Hallelujah," a term of exuberant worship. The imperative to praise is not just a suggestion but a command, emphasizing the universal duty of all creation to glorify God. In the context of the psalm, it is a reminder that all of creation, from the smallest creature to the vast expanse of the heavens, is designed to reflect the glory of its Creator.

O sun and moon
The sun and moon are the most prominent celestial bodies visible from Earth, representing the passage of time and the order of the universe. In ancient Near Eastern cultures, these were often deified, but the psalmist redirects their purpose to the worship of the one true God. The Hebrew words "shemesh" (sun) and "yareach" (moon) are used here, emphasizing their roles as created entities under God's sovereign rule. This phrase underscores the biblical truth that all creation is subject to God and exists to declare His majesty.

praise Him
The repetition of "praise Him" serves to reinforce the call to worship. It is a poetic device that emphasizes the importance of the act of praising God. In the structure of Hebrew poetry, repetition is used to create rhythm and to highlight key themes. Here, it serves to remind the reader or listener that the act of praise is continuous and unending, much like the cycles of the sun and moon.

all you shining stars
The "shining stars" are a testament to the vastness and beauty of God's creation. The Hebrew word "kokhavim" refers to the stars, which in ancient times were seen as symbols of guidance and divine order. The stars, in their brilliance and multitude, reflect the infinite nature of God. In the biblical narrative, stars often symbolize God's promises and His faithfulness, as seen in His covenant with Abraham. By calling the stars to praise, the psalmist is inviting all of creation to join in a cosmic symphony of worship, acknowledging God's sovereignty and creative power.

Praise Him
The call to "Praise Him" is a directive that echoes throughout the Psalms, urging all creation to acknowledge and glorify God. The Hebrew word for "praise" is "halal," which means to boast or to shine. This word forms the root of "Hallelujah," a term of exuberant worship. The imperative to praise is not just a suggestion but a command, emphasizing the rightful place of God as the object of all adoration. In the context of the Psalms, this call to praise is a reminder of the covenant relationship between God and His creation, where praise is both a duty and a delight.

O highest heavens
The phrase "O highest heavens" refers to the celestial realms beyond the immediate sky. In Hebrew, "shamayim" is the word for heavens, often used to describe the abode of God and the angels. The "highest heavens" suggests a hierarchy within the created order, where even the most exalted parts of creation are called to worship. This reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of a multi-layered universe, where the heavens were seen as a series of domes or spheres. Theologically, it underscores God's sovereignty over all realms, visible and invisible, and His worthiness to be praised by all.

and you waters above the skies
The "waters above the skies" hark back to the creation narrative in Genesis 1:7, where God separates the waters above from the waters below. This phrase captures the ancient cosmology where the sky was perceived as a solid dome holding back celestial waters. The Hebrew word "mayim" for waters is often associated with chaos and the unknown, yet here, even these waters are called to praise God, signifying His control over chaos and His ability to bring order. This imagery serves as a powerful reminder of God's creative power and His ongoing sustenance of the universe. It invites believers to trust in God's providence, knowing that all elements of creation, even those beyond human understanding, are under His command and join in the chorus of praise.

Let them praise
This phrase is a call to worship, an imperative that extends to all creation. The Hebrew root for "praise" is "הלל" (halal), which means to boast or to shine. In the context of Psalm 148, it is a command for all things to boast in the glory of God, reflecting His light. Historically, this call to praise is not limited to humans but includes all of creation, emphasizing the universal acknowledgment of God's sovereignty.

the name
In Hebrew, "שם" (shem) signifies more than just a label; it represents the character and essence of a person. In the ancient Near Eastern context, a name was deeply tied to identity and authority. Thus, praising the "name" of the Lord is to honor His nature, His deeds, and His divine authority over all things.

of the LORD
The term "LORD" in the BSB is a translation of the tetragrammaton "יהוה" (YHWH), the sacred and personal name of God revealed to Moses. This name is associated with God's eternal existence and covenant faithfulness. It is a reminder of His unchanging nature and His promises to His people throughout history.

for He commanded
The Hebrew word for "commanded" is "צוה" (tsavah), which implies a directive given with authority. This reflects God's sovereign power in creation, where His word alone brings things into existence. It underscores the concept of divine fiat, where God's will is enacted through His spoken word, as seen in the Genesis creation narrative.

and they were created
The act of creation is captured in the Hebrew verb "ברא" (bara), which is used exclusively for divine creation in the Old Testament. This word emphasizes the uniqueness and power of God's creative work, distinguishing it from human craftsmanship. The historical context of this phrase points to the belief in God as the sole Creator, countering ancient Near Eastern myths of multiple gods involved in creation. This affirms the monotheistic belief central to the Jewish and Christian faiths, highlighting God's unparalleled ability to bring forth life and order from nothingness.

He established them
The phrase "He established them" refers to God's sovereign act of creation and His ongoing sustenance of the universe. The Hebrew root for "established" is "כּוּן" (kun), which conveys the idea of setting up, making firm, or stabilizing. This word underscores God's authority and power in creating the heavens and the earth, as well as His ability to maintain their order. In a historical context, this reflects the ancient Near Eastern understanding of a deity's role in not only creating but also upholding the cosmos. For believers, this is a reminder of God's unchanging nature and His reliable governance over all creation.

forever and ever
The repetition of "forever and ever" emphasizes the eternal nature of God's creation and decrees. The Hebrew words "עוֹלָם" (olam) and "וָעֶד" (va'ed) are used to express perpetuity and unending duration. This phrase reassures believers of the permanence and stability of God's works. In a scriptural context, it aligns with other biblical passages that speak of God's eternal kingdom and His unchanging promises. It inspires confidence in God's eternal plan and His unshakeable kingdom, which stands in contrast to the temporal nature of human endeavors.

He issued a decree
The phrase "He issued a decree" highlights God's authoritative command over creation. The Hebrew word "חֹק" (choq) refers to a statute, ordinance, or decree, often used in the context of divine law. This indicates that God's word is not only creative but also legislative, setting boundaries and laws for the natural world. Historically, this reflects the understanding of divine kingship, where a king's decree was absolute and binding. For Christians, it serves as a reminder of the power and authority of God's word, which governs both the physical and spiritual realms.

that will never pass away
The phrase "that will never pass away" underscores the enduring nature of God's decrees. The Hebrew word "יַעֲבֹר" (ya'avor) means to pass over or pass away, and its negation here emphasizes the permanence of God's commands. This assurance of immutability is a recurring theme in Scripture, reflecting God's faithfulness and the reliability of His promises. In a theological context, it points to the eternal nature of God's word, which remains steadfast despite the changing circumstances of the world. For believers, this is a source of hope and assurance, knowing that God's purposes and promises are unchanging and everlasting.

Praise the LORD
The phrase "Praise the LORD" is a call to worship and adoration directed towards Yahweh, the covenant name of God in the Hebrew Bible. The Hebrew word for "praise" is "halal," which means to boast or to glorify. This imperative is not just a suggestion but a command, emphasizing the importance of recognizing God's sovereignty and majesty. In the context of the Psalms, this call to praise is a recurring theme, urging all creation to acknowledge the Creator's greatness.

from the earth
The phrase "from the earth" indicates the source or origin of the praise. It suggests that the call to worship is not limited to the heavens but extends to the terrestrial realm. This inclusion of the earth highlights the universality of God's dominion and the comprehensive nature of His creation. The earth, in its entirety, is summoned to join in the chorus of praise, reflecting the biblical theme that all creation is designed to glorify God.

you great sea creatures
The term "great sea creatures" refers to the large and often mysterious inhabitants of the ocean. In Hebrew, the word "tannin" can denote sea monsters or large marine animals, such as whales or leviathans. These creatures, often seen as symbols of chaos and power in ancient Near Eastern mythology, are here depicted as part of God's creation, subject to His authority and called to praise Him. This reflects the biblical narrative that even the most formidable aspects of creation are under God's control and serve His purposes.

and all ocean depths
The phrase "and all ocean depths" encompasses the vast and unexplored regions of the sea. The Hebrew word "tehom" refers to the deep or abyss, often associated with the primordial waters in biblical cosmology. By including the ocean depths in this call to praise, the psalmist emphasizes that there is no part of creation, no matter how remote or mysterious, that is beyond the reach of God's presence and glory. This serves as a reminder of God's omnipresence and the all-encompassing nature of His creative power.

lightning and hail
In the Hebrew text, the word for "lightning" is "בָּרָק" (barak), and "hail" is "בָּרָד" (barad). These elements of nature are often seen as manifestations of God's power and majesty. Throughout the Bible, lightning and hail are used as instruments of divine judgment and revelation. For instance, in the plagues of Egypt (Exodus 9:23-24), hail was a tool of God's judgment against Pharaoh. The inclusion of these elements in this psalm underscores the idea that all of creation, even the most fearsome and uncontrollable aspects, are under God's sovereign command and serve to glorify Him.

snow and clouds
The Hebrew word for "snow" is "שֶׁלֶג" (sheleg), and "clouds" is "עָנָן" (anan). Snow, with its purity and whiteness, often symbolizes cleansing and forgiveness in Scripture (Isaiah 1:18). Clouds, on the other hand, are frequently associated with God's presence and guidance, as seen in the pillar of cloud that led the Israelites through the wilderness (Exodus 13:21). Together, snow and clouds represent both the purity and the mystery of God's creation, reminding us of His presence and His ability to cleanse and guide His people.

powerful wind
The phrase "powerful wind" translates the Hebrew "רוּחַ סְעָרָה" (ruach se'arah). "Ruach" can mean wind, breath, or spirit, and is often used to describe the Spirit of God. The "powerful wind" here is reminiscent of the "great and powerful wind" that tore the mountains and shattered the rocks before the Lord in 1 Kings 19:11. This imagery conveys the might and dynamic nature of God's Spirit, which moves with purpose and power throughout creation.

fulfilling His word
The Hebrew phrase "עֹשָׂה דְבָרוֹ" (osah devaro) means "fulfilling His word." This highlights the obedience of creation to the Creator's command. In the biblical narrative, God's word is powerful and effective, bringing about creation itself (Genesis 1) and sustaining it (Hebrews 1:3). The elements of nature, from the fiercest storm to the gentlest breeze, act in accordance with God's sovereign will, fulfilling His purposes. This serves as a reminder of the reliability and authority of God's word, encouraging believers to trust in His promises and His divine plan.

mountains and all hills
The phrase "mountains and all hills" calls to mind the grandeur and majesty of God's creation. In the Hebrew text, "mountains" is "הָרִים" (harim) and "hills" is "גְּבָעוֹת" (gevaot). Mountains often symbolize strength, stability, and the eternal nature of God. They are frequently mentioned in the Bible as places of divine revelation and encounter, such as Mount Sinai where Moses received the Ten Commandments. Hills, while smaller, also represent the beauty and diversity of God's creation. Together, they emphasize the call for all of creation, from the grandest to the most humble, to praise the Lord. This reflects the biblical theme that all of nature is a testament to God's glory and power.

fruit trees and all cedars
"Fruit trees and all cedars" highlights the variety and abundance of God's provision. The Hebrew word for "fruit trees" is "עֵץ פְּרִי" (etz peri), which signifies trees that bear fruit, providing sustenance and nourishment. This can be seen as a metaphor for the fruitful life that God desires for His people, one that bears spiritual fruit in accordance with His will. "Cedars," or "אֲרָזִים" (arazim), are known for their strength and durability. The cedars of Lebanon, in particular, were renowned in the ancient world and used in the construction of the Temple in Jerusalem. They symbolize strength, longevity, and the beauty of God's creation. The inclusion of both fruit trees and cedars in this verse underscores the diversity of creation and the call for all living things, regardless of their function or form, to join in the chorus of praise to the Creator. This reflects the biblical understanding that every part of creation has a role in glorifying God.

wild animals
The phrase "wild animals" refers to the untamed creatures of the earth, those that roam freely without human domestication. In the Hebrew text, the word used is "חַיָּה" (chayyah), which encompasses all living creatures that are not domesticated. This term reminds us of the vast diversity of God's creation, highlighting His sovereignty over all life. The wild animals, in their natural habitats, reflect the majesty and creativity of the Creator, each playing a role in the ecosystem designed by God. Their existence calls humanity to recognize the intricate balance and beauty of the natural world, urging us to steward it wisely.

and all cattle
The phrase "and all cattle" refers to domesticated animals that have been tamed and are often used for agricultural purposes. The Hebrew word "בְּהֵמָה" (behemah) is used here, indicating beasts of burden and livestock. These animals have been integral to human survival and development throughout history, providing food, clothing, and labor. Their inclusion in this psalm underscores the idea that all creation, both wild and domesticated, is called to praise the Lord. It serves as a reminder of the interconnectedness of life and the responsibility humans have to care for the creatures that serve them.

crawling creatures
The term "crawling creatures" encompasses a wide range of small animals, including reptiles and insects. The Hebrew word "רֶמֶשׂ" (remes) is used, which can refer to any creature that moves close to the ground. These creatures, often overlooked or considered insignificant, are included in the call to praise God, emphasizing that every part of creation, no matter how small, has value and purpose. This inclusion challenges us to appreciate the complexity and diversity of life, recognizing that even the smallest creatures contribute to the harmony of God's creation.

and flying birds
The phrase "and flying birds" highlights the creatures of the air, those that soar above the earth. The Hebrew word "עוֹף" (oph) is used, which refers to all winged creatures. Birds have long been symbols of freedom and transcendence, their flight a testament to the wonder of creation. In the biblical context, birds often represent God's provision and care, as seen in passages like Matthew 6:26, where Jesus speaks of the birds being fed by the Father. Their inclusion in this psalm serves as a reminder of God's providence and the beauty of His creation, calling all creatures, from the earth to the sky, to join in the chorus of praise.

kings of the earth
This phrase calls upon the highest earthly authorities to join in the universal praise of God. In the Hebrew context, "kings" (מְלָכִים, melakhim) were seen as powerful rulers with significant influence over their realms. Historically, kings were often considered divine or semi-divine figures in ancient Near Eastern cultures. However, the psalmist here emphasizes that even these mighty rulers are subject to the sovereignty of the one true God. This serves as a reminder that no earthly power is above the call to worship and acknowledge the Creator.

and all peoples
The inclusion of "all peoples" (כָּל־לְאֻמִּים, kol-le'ummim) signifies the universal scope of God's dominion and the call to worship. This phrase underscores the inclusivity of God's kingdom, transcending national, ethnic, and cultural boundaries. In the biblical narrative, this anticipates the New Testament revelation where the gospel is extended to all nations, fulfilling the Abrahamic promise that all families of the earth will be blessed through his seed (Genesis 12:3).

princes
The term "princes" (שָׂרִים, sarim) refers to those in positions of authority and governance, often second only to kings. In the ancient world, princes were responsible for the administration of justice and the maintenance of order. Their inclusion in this call to praise highlights that leadership and governance should be exercised in recognition of God's ultimate authority. It is a reminder that true leadership is characterized by humility and reverence for God.

and all rulers of the earth
This phrase extends the call to worship to all forms of leadership, not just those with royal titles. "Rulers" (שֹׁפְטֵי, shoftei) can be understood as judges or officials who hold sway over the lives of others. The psalmist's inclusion of these figures emphasizes that every level of authority is accountable to God. Historically, this would have been a radical assertion, as rulers often claimed autonomy and divine right. The psalmist, however, asserts that all authority is derived from and subject to God's sovereign rule.

young men
This phrase in Psalm 148:12 calls upon the vigor and strength of youth to join in the universal chorus of praise to God. In the Hebrew context, "young men" (בַּחוּרִים, bachurim) often refers to those in the prime of life, full of energy and potential. Historically, young men were seen as the backbone of society, capable of great feats and contributions. Their inclusion in this call to worship emphasizes that no matter one's strength or stage in life, all are invited to acknowledge and glorify the Creator. This reflects a biblical theme where the strength of youth is to be directed towards honoring God, as seen in Ecclesiastes 12:1, which encourages remembering the Creator in the days of youth.

and maidens
The inclusion of "maidens" (בְּתוּלוֹת, betulot) highlights the importance of women, particularly young women, in the worship community. In ancient Israel, maidens were often seen as symbols of purity and hope for the future. Their role in this verse underscores the inclusive nature of worship, where gender does not limit one's ability to praise God. This aligns with the broader biblical narrative that values the contributions of women, as seen in the accounts of figures like Miriam and Deborah, who played significant roles in Israel's history.

old men
The phrase "old men" (זְקֵנִים, zekenim) brings to mind the wisdom and experience that come with age. In biblical times, elders were highly respected for their knowledge and guidance. Their participation in praise is a testament to the lifelong journey of faith and the accumulated understanding of God's faithfulness over the years. This reflects the biblical principle that wisdom and reverence for God often grow with age, as seen in Proverbs 16:31, which speaks of gray hair as a crown of glory.

and children
The mention of "children" (יְלָדִים, yeladim) emphasizes the innocence and purity of a child's praise. In the biblical context, children are often seen as examples of humility and trust, qualities that are essential in a relationship with God. Jesus Himself highlighted the importance of childlike faith in Matthew 18:3, urging His followers to become like little children to enter the kingdom of heaven. The inclusion of children in this call to worship serves as a reminder that praise is not limited by age or maturity; even the youngest among us can offer genuine and heartfelt worship to God.

Let them praise
The phrase "Let them praise" is an invitation and a command to all creation to worship God. The Hebrew root for "praise" is "הלל" (halal), which means to boast or to shine. This word is the root of "Hallelujah," a term of exuberant praise. The psalmist calls for a universal acknowledgment of God's greatness, emphasizing that praise is not just a human activity but a cosmic one, involving all of creation.

the name of the LORD
In Hebrew, "the name" (שֵׁם, shem) signifies more than just a label; it represents the character and essence of a person. "The LORD" (יהוה, Yahweh) is the covenant name of God, revealing His eternal, self-existent nature. This name is sacred and revered, encapsulating God's attributes of holiness, love, and justice. The call to praise His name is a call to recognize and honor His divine nature and His relationship with His people.

for His name alone is exalted
The word "alone" underscores the exclusivity and supremacy of God's name. In a world filled with idols and false gods, the psalmist declares that only Yahweh's name is truly "exalted" (נִשְׂגָּב, nisgav), meaning lifted high or set apart. This elevation of God's name above all others is a central theme in Scripture, affirming His unmatched sovereignty and glory.

His splendor
"Splendor" (הוֹד, hod) refers to majesty, beauty, and glory. It is a term often used to describe the visible manifestation of God's presence. In the context of ancient Israel, God's splendor was seen in the cloud and fire that led the Israelites, in the beauty of the temple, and in the natural world. This splendor is a reflection of His divine nature and is worthy of awe and reverence.

is above the earth and the heavens
This phrase emphasizes the transcendence of God. "Above the earth and the heavens" indicates that God's glory surpasses all creation. The "earth" (אֶרֶץ, erets) and the "heavens" (שָׁמַיִם, shamayim) represent the totality of the created order. By stating that God's splendor is above both, the psalmist highlights that God's majesty is not confined to the physical universe but extends beyond it, affirming His omnipresence and omnipotence.

He has raised up a horn for His people
The phrase "raised up a horn" is a metaphor deeply rooted in ancient Near Eastern culture, symbolizing strength, power, and victory. The "horn" often represents the might of an animal, such as a bull, which uses its horns for defense and dominance. In the Hebrew context, the word "horn" (קֶרֶן, qeren) signifies not only physical strength but also a divinely granted authority or kingship. This imagery is used throughout the Old Testament to denote God's provision of strength and deliverance for His people. Historically, the raising of a horn can be seen as God elevating a leader or a savior, such as King David, who was anointed to lead and protect Israel. In a broader theological sense, Christians see this as a prophetic reference to Jesus Christ, the ultimate "horn" of salvation, who was raised up to deliver His people from sin and death.

the praise of all His saints
The term "praise" (תְּהִלָּה, tehillah) in Hebrew is a call to worship and glorify God. It is an expression of adoration and reverence, acknowledging God's sovereignty and goodness. "Saints" (חֲסִידָיו, chasidav) refers to God's faithful ones, those who are set apart for His purposes. In the Old Testament, this term often describes the Israelites, God's chosen people, who are called to live in covenant relationship with Him. In the New Testament context, "saints" extends to all believers in Christ, who are sanctified by faith. The phrase emphasizes that God's acts of salvation and strength are reasons for His people to offer continuous praise, uniting them in worship and testimony of His greatness.

of Israel, a people near to Him
"Israel" (יִשְׂרָאֵל, Yisra'el) is the name given to Jacob after wrestling with God, and it represents the nation descended from him. Israel is historically and theologically significant as God's chosen nation, through whom He revealed His law and promises. The phrase "a people near to Him" underscores the intimate relationship between God and Israel. In the ancient world, proximity to a deity was a sign of favor and blessing. For Israel, being "near" to God meant enjoying His protection, guidance, and presence. This nearness is not just geographical or physical but spiritual and covenantal. In the New Testament, this nearness is extended to all who are in Christ, as believers are brought near to God through the blood of Jesus, forming a new covenant community that transcends ethnic and national boundaries.

Hallelujah!
The word "Hallelujah" (הַלְלוּיָהּ, hallelujah) is a Hebrew expression meaning "Praise the Lord." It is a call to worship and an exclamation of joy and reverence. This word is a compound of "hallel" (praise) and "Yah" (a shortened form of Yahweh, the name of God). "Hallelujah" is a universal call to all creation to recognize and honor the Creator. In the context of Psalm 148, it serves as a fitting conclusion, encapsulating the psalm's theme of creation's praise to God. It invites all readers and believers to join in the eternal chorus of worship, acknowledging God's majesty, power, and love. This call to praise is timeless, resonating through the ages as a reminder of our purpose to glorify God in all things.