Numbers 35:19

The avenger of blood is to put the murderer to death; when he finds him, he is to kill him.

Study Bible

The avenger of blood
In ancient Israelite society, the "avenger of blood" was typically a close relative of a murder victim. This role was part of the kinship-based justice system, where family members were responsible for ensuring justice. The Hebrew term "goel" is used, which also refers to a kinsman-redeemer, highlighting the dual role of avenging and redeeming. This concept is seen in the story of Ruth and Boaz, where Boaz acts as a redeemer. The avenger of blood was a legal figure, not acting out of personal vengeance but fulfilling a societal duty.

is to put the murderer to death
This directive was part of the Mosaic Law, which prescribed capital punishment for intentional murder, reflecting the value placed on human life made in God's image (Genesis 9:6). The law distinguished between murder and manslaughter, with cities of refuge established for those who killed unintentionally (Numbers 35:11-15). This ensured that justice was served while preventing blood feuds and cycles of revenge. The death penalty for murder underscored the seriousness of taking a life and the need for justice.

when he finds him
The phrase implies a pursuit, indicating that the avenger of blood had the responsibility to actively seek out the murderer. This pursuit was not arbitrary but was to be conducted within the legal framework provided by the cities of refuge. The cities served as a place where the accused could seek asylum and await a fair trial (Joshua 20:4-6). This system ensured that the avenger's actions were not based on impulse but on legal proceedings.

he is to kill him
The execution of justice was a communal responsibility, with the avenger acting on behalf of the community and under the law. This action was not personal vengeance but a fulfillment of divine justice as outlined in the law. The avenger's role prefigures Christ's work as both judge and redeemer, who will ultimately execute divine justice (2 Thessalonians 1:7-9) while offering redemption. The balance of justice and mercy is a recurring theme in Scripture, culminating in the work of Christ.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Avenger of Blood
In ancient Israel, this was typically a close relative of a person who was killed. The avenger had the responsibility to ensure justice by pursuing the murderer.

2. Murderer
The individual who has unlawfully taken the life of another person. In this context, the murderer is subject to capital punishment by the avenger of blood.

3. Cities of Refuge
Although not directly mentioned in this verse, these cities are relevant to the context of Numbers 35. They were designated places where someone accused of manslaughter could seek asylum until a fair trial.

4. Israelite Community
The broader community that upheld the laws given by God, including those concerning justice and retribution.

5. Mosaic Law
The legal and moral code given to the Israelites through Moses, which includes the laws about murder and the role of the avenger of blood.

Teaching Points

Justice and Responsibility
The role of the avenger of blood highlights the importance of justice and the responsibility of the community to uphold it. In modern application, this can translate to supporting a fair legal system.

Sanctity of Life
The severe consequence for murder underscores the value God places on human life. Believers are called to respect and protect life in all its forms.

Mercy and Refuge
The provision of cities of refuge illustrates God's mercy and the opportunity for repentance and fair trial. Christians are encouraged to seek and offer refuge and forgiveness.

God's Sovereignty in Justice
While the avenger of blood had a role in ancient Israel, believers today are reminded that ultimate justice belongs to God, and they should trust Him to right wrongs.

Community and Accountability
The communal aspect of justice in ancient Israel serves as a reminder of the importance of accountability within the Christian community.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the role of the avenger of blood in ancient Israel compare to modern concepts of justice and law enforcement?

2. In what ways can the principle of cities of refuge be applied to our lives today, particularly in offering forgiveness and second chances?

3. How does the New Testament teaching on vengeance in Romans 12:19 influence our understanding of justice and retribution?

4. What steps can we take to uphold the sanctity of life in our communities, reflecting the value God places on human life?

5. How can we balance the call for justice with the call for mercy in our personal relationships and community interactions?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Deuteronomy 19
This chapter expands on the concept of cities of refuge and the role of the avenger of blood, providing additional context and regulations.

Joshua 20
Describes the establishment of cities of refuge and reiterates the laws concerning the avenger of blood and the protection of those accused of manslaughter.

Romans 12:19
Offers a New Testament perspective on vengeance, emphasizing that vengeance belongs to God, contrasting with the Old Testament practice of the avenger of blood.