Exodus 21:10

If he takes another wife, he must not reduce the food, clothing, or marital rights of his first wife.

Study Bible

If he takes another wife
In the ancient Near Eastern context, polygamy was a common practice, especially among those who could afford it. This phrase acknowledges the reality of polygamous marriages in ancient Israelite society. The law here is not an endorsement of polygamy but a regulation to protect the rights of the first wife. This reflects God's concern for justice and fairness within the family unit. The practice of taking multiple wives can be seen in the lives of patriarchs like Jacob (Genesis 29-30), but it often led to familial strife, as seen in the rivalry between Leah and Rachel.

he must not reduce the food
The provision of food is a basic necessity and a husband's responsibility to his wife. This requirement ensures that the first wife's material needs are not neglected in favor of a new wife. The emphasis on food highlights the importance of sustenance and care within the marriage covenant. This principle of providing for one's family is echoed in the New Testament, where Paul writes about the responsibility to care for one's household (1 Timothy 5:8).

clothing
Clothing, like food, is a fundamental need and a symbol of dignity and respect. In ancient times, clothing was often handmade and valuable, representing a significant part of a family's resources. By mandating that the first wife's clothing not be diminished, the law underscores the importance of maintaining her dignity and status within the household. This reflects the broader biblical theme of God's provision and care for His people, as seen in passages like Matthew 6:25-34, where Jesus speaks about God's provision for our needs.

or marital rights of his first wife
Marital rights include not only physical intimacy but also the emotional and relational aspects of marriage. This phrase ensures that the first wife's conjugal rights are not neglected, emphasizing the importance of love and faithfulness in marriage. The protection of these rights reflects the biblical view of marriage as a covenant relationship, as seen in Malachi 2:14, where marriage is described as a covenant before God. This also points to the New Testament teaching on the mutual responsibilities of husbands and wives (Ephesians 5:22-33), where love and respect are central to the marital relationship.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Moses
- The author of Exodus, who received the Law from God on Mount Sinai.

2. Israelites
- The recipients of the Law, God's chosen people, who were being formed into a nation after their exodus from Egypt.

3. Mount Sinai
- The place where God gave the Law to Moses, including the regulations found in Exodus 21.

4. First Wife
- The woman whose rights are being protected by this law, ensuring her well-being despite the introduction of another wife.

5. Second Wife
- The additional wife mentioned in the context of polygamous relationships, which were culturally accepted at the time.

Teaching Points

God's Concern for Justice and Fairness
The law in Exodus 21:10 reflects God's concern for justice and fairness, even within the cultural context of polygamy. It underscores the importance of treating all individuals with dignity and respect.

Protection of the Vulnerable
This verse highlights God's protection for the vulnerable, ensuring that the first wife is not neglected or mistreated. It serves as a reminder to care for those who may be disadvantaged or marginalized.

Marriage as a Covenant
The marital rights mentioned in this verse point to the covenantal nature of marriage, where both parties have responsibilities and rights. This can be applied today by honoring commitments and ensuring mutual respect in marriage.

Cultural Context vs. Divine Ideal
While polygamy was culturally accepted, the divine ideal remains monogamous marriage. This distinction helps us understand how to apply biblical principles in our current cultural context.

Faithfulness in Relationships
The principles in this verse encourage faithfulness and integrity in all relationships, not just marriage. It calls believers to uphold commitments and treat others with fairness and love.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does Exodus 21:10 reflect God's character and His concern for justice and fairness?

2. In what ways can we apply the principles of fairness and protection found in this verse to modern-day relationships?

3. How does understanding the cultural context of polygamy in ancient Israel help us interpret this passage?

4. What are some practical ways we can ensure that we are honoring the covenantal nature of marriage in our own lives?

5. How do the teachings of Jesus in the New Testament regarding marriage and relationships build upon the principles found in Exodus 21:10?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Genesis 2:24
- This verse establishes the original design for marriage as a union between one man and one woman, which provides a backdrop for understanding the concessions made in Exodus 21:10.

Deuteronomy 21:15-17
- This passage also addresses the rights of wives and children in polygamous marriages, emphasizing fairness and justice.

1 Corinthians 7:3-5
- These verses discuss marital rights and responsibilities, highlighting the mutual obligations of spouses to one another.

Malachi 2:14-16
- This passage speaks against dealing treacherously with one's spouse, underscoring the importance of faithfulness and justice in marriage.

Matthew 19:4-6
- Jesus reaffirms the Genesis ideal for marriage, pointing back to the creation account as the standard.