What is intinction in the context of Communion?

Definition and Overview

Intinction is a method of administering the bread and the cup in Communion (the Lord’s Supper) by dipping the bread into the wine (or grape juice) and then handing or offering the saturated bread to the communicant. This contrasts with the more common practice of partaking of the bread first and then drinking separately from a communal cup or individual cups.

Historical Background

Early Christian writings indicate several ways believers received the elements of the Lord’s Supper. Over time, diverse denominations and traditions have adopted specific practices. Some scholars suggest that intinction may have occurred sporadically in the early centuries, given certain references to dipping bread in wine during mealtimes; however, these references are not always conclusive that it was a formal communion practice.

By the medieval period, intinction gained varying degrees of acceptance in different regions. In some cases, it was allowed to ensure that both elements were received together, especially during times when laypeople were restricted from partaking of the cup separately. The practice continues in some faith communities today, where it is valued for hygienic reasons or as a symbolic unifying act of partaking both “body and blood” in one gesture.

Scriptural Basis

Scripture records the institution of Communion by Jesus. Luke 22:19–20 reads, “And He took bread, gave thanks and broke it, and gave it to them, saying, ‘This is My body, given for you; do this in remembrance of Me.’ In the same way, after supper He took the cup, saying, ‘This cup is the new covenant in My blood, which is poured out for you.’”

Neither this passage nor its parallel accounts explicitly commands or prohibits intinction. Instead, they highlight that believers are to symbolically remember the sacrifice of Christ by partaking of bread and wine. The apostle Paul reaffirms these instructions in 1 Corinthians 11:23–26, underscoring the importance of the bread and cup, without prescribing a single, mandatory method of distribution.

Theological Perspectives

1. Symbolic Unity of Body and Blood: Some communities believe that intinction helps emphasize the inseparable unity of Christ’s body and blood. By dipping the bread into the wine, communicants receive both elements together.

2. Preservation of Symbolic Distinctions: Other groups maintain that the bread and cup should remain distinct during Communion. They cite the scriptural pattern of two separate acts—first breaking bread, then sharing the cup—to ensure that each element retains its unique significance.

3. Practical Concerns: Some are concerned that intinction might not allow individual believers to remember each aspect of Christ’s sacrifice separately. Others appreciate it for its convenience and as an alternative in settings where passing individual cups could be impractical.

Pastoral and Participatory Implications

In many congregations, any Communal practice is guided by pastoral oversight, reflecting the congregation’s understanding of biblical instruction and tradition. Some churches offer both intinction and separate partaking of the elements, allowing members to choose. When approached thoughtfully, either method can highlight the believer’s direct, personal involvement in commemorating the Lord’s death until He comes.

Archaeological and Manuscript Evidence

Ancient manuscripts consistently show that the early church practiced the Lord’s Supper in remembrance of Christ’s death and resurrection. The multiple manuscript families—such as Codex Vaticanus and Codex Sinaiticus—attest that the key passages describing Communion (like 1 Corinthians 11 and the Gospel accounts) have been preserved with remarkable consistency. This transmission accuracy underscores the reliability of the biblical record.

In certain archaeological findings, such as early Christian meeting places (house churches) and catacomb art, believers are often depicted sharing a meal or bread and wine in a communal setting, which supports the conclusion that Communion was central to early Christian worship. While specific depictions of intinction are rare, the iconography points to a strong historical emphasis on the tangible elements of bread and wine.

Broader Practical Applications

1. Reflecting on Christ’s Sacrifice: Regardless of one’s method, Communion focuses believers on Christ’s atoning death, burial, and resurrection, affirmed throughout history by eyewitness testimony recorded in Scripture.

2. Strengthening Community: The Lord’s Supper, whether by intinction or separate cups, unites believers around Christ’s table, reminding them of their shared faith and mutual fellowship.

3. Maintaining Reverence: In every tradition, Christians are exhorted to approach Communion “in a worthy manner” (1 Corinthians 11:27–29). Conscientious practice—whichever method is chosen—can deepen reverence and worship.

Conclusion

Intinction, or the dipping of bread into the cup, is one recognized method of receiving Communion. Scripture does not explicitly endorse or forbid this practice, leaving the form of administration to the wisdom and discretion of local churches and believers. Whether partaking by intinction or by separate participation in the bread and the cup, the essential biblical emphasis remains on proclaiming the Lord’s death and resurrection, a unifying and worshipful act of remembrance and gratitude in the community of faith.