What are the core beliefs of Sandemanianism?

Definition and Historical Roots

Sandemanianism, also sometimes referred to as the Glasite tradition, derives from the teachings of Robert Sandeman (1718–1771), who built upon the earlier work of John Glas (1695–1773). John Glas was a Scottish minister whose congregation attracted those seeking a deeper understanding of justification by faith. Robert Sandeman further refined these ideas, emphasizing the concept of “bare faith” as the essential component of salvation. This movement had congregations first in Scotland and England, eventually spreading in smaller numbers to North America during the eighteenth century.

Multiple primary sources shed light on Sandeman’s theology. One of the most formative documents is Robert Sandeman’s “Letters on Theron and Aspasio” (1757), in which Sandeman critiques popular evangelical perspectives of his day, arguing for a focus on the biblical text as the final statement on faith. Early Sandemanian congregations also published writings defending their interpretation of the ordinances and church governance, attempting to align themselves strictly with the New Testament model.

Core Theological Emphasis on “Bare Faith”

Sandemanians are most recognizable for their emphasis on what they term “bare faith.” They assert that saving faith primarily involves an intellectual assent to the truths of the gospel, particularly the historical and scriptural fact of Christ’s death and resurrection. This view maintains that the individual’s act of belief is central and that assurance stems from recognizing the sufficiency of Christ’s atonement.

They regularly reference passages such as Ephesians 2:8–9, which states, “For it is by grace you have been saved through faith, and this not from yourselves; it is the gift of God, not by works, so that no one can boast.” Sandemanians interpret this to mean a conscious affirmation of what Christ has done on the cross as sufficient for salvation, without additional works, emotional experiences, or merit. Critics have countered that this emphasis may neglect the transformative aspect of faith, but Sandemanians maintain that Scripture commands a wholehearted acceptance of Christ’s finished work (John 19:30) as the ground of salvation.

View of Justification and Works

Sandemanians hold that justification occurs entirely by faith in the atoning work of Christ, separate from any accompanying internal transformation as a prerequisite. In James 2:17, “So too, faith by itself, if it does not result in action, is dead,” a tension arises for some outside observers. Sandemanians often respond by stating that genuine faith itself will produce good works as fruit rather than as an additive factor to salvation.

From a biblical perspective, they argue that the believer’s assurance depends on confidence in Christ’s righteousness, pointing to Romans 4:5: “However, to the one who does not work but believes in Him who justifies the ungodly, his faith is credited as righteousness.” Sandemanians thus maintain that works naturally follow but do not affect the believer’s justified status.

Church Ordinances and Practices

Sandemanians place considerable importance on New Testament ordinances such as the Lord’s Supper and baptism, seeking to replicate what they perceive to be early-church patterns. Much like Glasite practice, they engage in weekly communion (Acts 20:7) and practice believers’ baptism, emphasizing that these are external signs of an internal reality already established by faith.

1 Corinthians 11:23–26 is frequently cited to support weekly observance of the Lord’s Supper, highlighting Christ’s command to “do this, as often as you drink it, in remembrance of Me.” The communal nature and solemn remembrance define their practice. Additionally, they maintain a more literal interpretation of the love feast or fellowship meals, following what they see evidenced in the earliest Christian gatherings.

Congregational Organization

In matters of church governance, Sandemanians inherit the Glasite stance of a congregational-ruled model. They believe the local church should have autonomy under Christ as head (Ephesians 1:22). Elders and deacons are chosen to serve the community (1 Timothy 3:1–13), but decisions are made collectively by the congregation.

They emphasize adherence to scriptural instructions and patterns for discipline and membership (Matthew 18:15–17), seeking to uphold purity of doctrine and practice. Historically, small Sandemanian congregations often maintained strict criteria for membership, requiring clear articulation of faith and willingness to partake in the practical ordinances of communion and fellowship meals.

Controversies and Criticisms

1. Charge of Intellectualism: Opponents have frequently critiqued Sandemanianism for allegedly reducing faith to little more than intellectual assent. Critics argue that the transformation described in passages like Romans 12:2—“be transformed by the renewing of your mind”—extends beyond mere acceptance of theological truths. Sandemanians counter that they indeed uphold Spirit-led renewal, but that the knowledge of the gospel is the pivotal point of saving faith.

2. Tension with Traditional Reformed Doctrine: Some Reformed theologians have objected to Sandeman’s teachings, perceiving them as diminishing the necessity of a heartfelt trust in Christ. They worry this approach can sidestep the believer’s personal appropriation of faith and sanctification. Sandemanians reply by pointing to biblical passages which emphasize belief in the simple message of the cross (1 Corinthians 1:18) and highlight that the Holy Spirit convicts and regenerates, but the crucial act is to believe the evidence of the gospel.

3. Practical Outworking of Faith: Detractors also claim that Sandemanian teachings lack clarity on how faith translates into moral and spiritual growth. Sandemanian writings generally respond that godly living is the organic outflow of anyone who truly believes in Christ and His promises (Galatians 5:22–23). In their view, the indwelling Spirit will bring forth fruit after the decisive act of faith.

Significance and Legacy

Although not large numerically, Sandemanian congregations historically played a notable role in discussions about sola fide (faith alone) and free grace theology. Their rigorous approach to Scripture and deliberate observance of first-century church patterns fostered a conscientious search for biblical authenticity. They also influenced later movements that stressed the centrality of Scripture over confessions or creeds.

From a historical vantage, their story illuminates how various Christian groups have navigated the challenge of balancing grace and works. While some of their specific congregations have dwindled, the theological questions they raised continue to appear in broader evangelical circles, prompting renewed dialogue about the exact nature of saving faith, assurance, and the fruit of the Spirit.

Conclusion

Sandemanianism, linked primarily to Robert Sandeman’s teachings, centers on a “bare faith” perspective that underscores accepting the gospel facts about Christ’s atoning work for salvation. Their practice of weekly communion, commitment to believers’ baptism, and adherence to New Testament patterns in church governance underscore their pursuit of biblical fidelity.

Despite controversies over whether their teaching overly intellectualizes faith, Sandemanians historically have remained resolute in emphasizing the scriptural premise that salvation comes by grace alone through faith alone in Christ alone (Ephesians 2:8–9). Their legacy persists in underscoring the vital question of what precisely constitutes saving faith and how believers can rest assured in the completed work of Christ.