The tribes of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh hold a unique place in the history of Israel as they were the tribes that settled on the eastern side of the Jordan River. Their account is primarily found in the Pentateuch and the historical books of the Old Testament.

Reuben

Reuben was the firstborn son of Jacob and Leah, and his descendants formed the tribe of Reuben. Despite his status as the firstborn, Reuben lost his birthright due to an indiscretion with Bilhah, his father’s concubine (Genesis 35:22). Jacob's blessing over Reuben reflects this loss: "Reuben, you are my firstborn, my might, and the beginning of my strength, excelling in honor, excelling in power. Uncontrolled as the waters, you will no longer excel, because you went up to your father’s bed, onto my couch and defiled it" (Genesis 49:3-4).

The tribe of Reuben requested to settle in the fertile lands of Gilead and Bashan, east of the Jordan River, as they had large herds and flocks (Numbers 32:1-5). Moses granted their request on the condition that they assist the other tribes in conquering the land west of the Jordan (Numbers 32:20-22).

Gad

Gad was the seventh son of Jacob, born to Zilpah, Leah’s maidservant. The tribe of Gad also chose to settle east of the Jordan River, alongside Reuben and the half-tribe of Manasseh. The land they occupied was well-suited for their livestock, which was a significant part of their economy and lifestyle.

Moses’ blessing to the tribe of Gad highlights their warrior spirit: "Blessed is he who enlarges Gad’s domain! Gad dwells there like a lion, tearing at arm or head" (Deuteronomy 33:20). The Gadites were known for their valor and played a crucial role in the military campaigns of Israel.

Half-Tribe of Manasseh

Manasseh was the firstborn son of Joseph, and his descendants were divided into two half-tribes. The half-tribe of Manasseh that settled east of the Jordan was granted a large territory that included the regions of Gilead and Bashan. This area was known for its rich pastures and strategic locations.

The half-tribe of Manasseh was noted for its military prowess and leadership. In the blessing of Moses, it is said, "His firstborn bull has majesty, and his horns are the horns of a wild ox. With them he will gore the nations, even those at the ends of the earth" (Deuteronomy 33:17). This imagery underscores their strength and influence.

Historical Context and Significance

The decision of Reuben, Gad, and the half-tribe of Manasseh to settle east of the Jordan River was significant in the history of Israel. It demonstrated the flexibility of the tribal confederation and the importance of accommodating the needs of different tribes. However, their separation from the main body of Israel also posed challenges, including vulnerability to external threats and potential isolation from the religious and cultural life centered in the land west of the Jordan.

Throughout the biblical narrative, these tribes are depicted as both integral parts of the nation of Israel and as distinct entities with unique challenges and contributions. Their account is a testament to the diversity and unity within the people of God.