Definition and Composition
Incense in the Bible refers to a fragrant substance that, when burned, produces a pleasing aroma. It was a significant element in the worship practices of ancient Israel, symbolizing prayer and the presence of God. The specific composition of the sacred incense used in the Tabernacle and later in the Temple was divinely prescribed. According to Exodus 30:34-38, the ingredients included stacte, onycha, galbanum, and pure frankincense, blended in equal measures. This mixture was considered holy, and its use was strictly regulated.

Biblical Usage
Incense played a crucial role in the religious life of Israel. It was used in the Tabernacle and the Temple as part of the daily offerings. The altar of incense, located in the Holy Place before the veil that separated the Holy of Holies, was where the incense was burned. Exodus 30:7-8 states, "And Aaron shall burn fragrant incense on it every morning when he tends the lamps. When Aaron sets up the lamps at twilight, he shall burn the incense. There shall be perpetual incense before the LORD throughout your generations."

Symbolism
Incense is often associated with prayer and the presence of God. Psalm 141:2 expresses this symbolism: "May my prayer be set before You like incense, my uplifted hands like the evening offering." The rising smoke of the incense represented the prayers of the people ascending to God. In the New Testament, this imagery is echoed in Revelation 5:8, where the prayers of the saints are depicted as golden bowls full of incense.

Regulations and Restrictions
The use of incense was strictly regulated. Unauthorized use or replication of the sacred incense was forbidden, as stated in Exodus 30:37-38: "You must not make any incense with this formula for yourselves; you are to regard it as holy to the LORD. Anyone who makes something like it to enjoy its fragrance shall be cut off from his people." This prohibition underscored the sanctity of the incense and its exclusive use in worship.

Historical Context
Incense was not unique to Israel; it was widely used in the ancient Near East for both religious and secular purposes. However, in Israel, its use was distinctively tied to the worship of Yahweh. The burning of incense was a priestly duty, emphasizing the mediatory role of the priesthood in the spiritual life of the nation.

New Testament References
In the New Testament, incense continues to hold symbolic significance. The Magi's gift of frankincense to the infant Jesus (Matthew 2:11) is often interpreted as a recognition of His priestly role. Additionally, the Book of Revelation frequently uses incense as a metaphor for the prayers of the saints, highlighting its enduring spiritual symbolism.

Theological Implications
The use of incense in biblical worship underscores the importance of approaching God with reverence and purity. It serves as a reminder of the holiness of God and the need for intercession. The fragrant aroma of the incense symbolizes the pleasing nature of sincere worship and prayer offered in faith.