Definition and Significance:
Anointing, in biblical terms, refers to the ceremonial act of pouring or smearing oil upon a person or object. This act symbolizes consecration, sanctification, and the impartation of divine favor or authority. Anointing is a significant ritual in the Judeo-Christian tradition, representing God's blessing, empowerment, and setting apart for a holy purpose.

Old Testament Context:
In the Old Testament, anointing was primarily associated with the consecration of priests, kings, and prophets. The practice is first mentioned in Genesis 28:18, where Jacob anoints a pillar to commemorate his vision of God. The anointing of priests is detailed in Exodus 29:7, where Aaron and his sons are anointed to serve as priests: "Take the anointing oil and anoint him by pouring it on his head."

The anointing of kings is exemplified in the anointing of Saul and David. In 1 Samuel 10:1, Samuel anoints Saul as the first king of Israel: "Then Samuel took a flask of oil, poured it on Saul’s head, kissed him, and said, 'Has not the LORD anointed you ruler over His inheritance?'" Similarly, David is anointed by Samuel in 1 Samuel 16:13: "So Samuel took the horn of oil and anointed him in the presence of his brothers, and the Spirit of the LORD rushed upon David from that day forward."

Prophets were also anointed, as seen in the case of Elisha, who was anointed by Elijah's command (1 Kings 19:16).

New Testament Context:
In the New Testament, anointing takes on a more spiritual dimension, often associated with the Holy Spirit. Jesus Christ is referred to as the "Anointed One" or "Messiah," fulfilling the Old Testament prophecies. In Luke 4:18, Jesus reads from the scroll of Isaiah, declaring, "The Spirit of the Lord is upon Me, because He has anointed Me to preach good news to the poor."

The anointing of Jesus by Mary of Bethany is a significant event, recorded in John 12:3: "Then Mary took about a pint of expensive perfume, made of pure nard, and she anointed Jesus’ feet and wiped them with her hair. And the house was filled with the fragrance of the perfume." This act of devotion prefigures Jesus' burial and highlights the honor and reverence due to Him.

The New Testament also speaks of the anointing of believers with the Holy Spirit. In 2 Corinthians 1:21-22, Paul writes, "Now it is God who establishes both us and you in Christ. He anointed us, placed His seal on us, and put His Spirit in our hearts as a pledge of what is to come."

Symbolism and Theology:
Anointing symbolizes the presence and power of the Holy Spirit. It signifies being chosen and equipped by God for a specific task or role. The anointing oil itself is often seen as a symbol of the Holy Spirit's work in sanctifying and empowering individuals for service.

In the broader theological context, anointing points to Jesus Christ as the ultimate Anointed One, who fulfills the roles of prophet, priest, and king. Believers, as part of the body of Christ, share in this anointing, being called to live out their faith with the empowerment of the Holy Spirit.

Practical Application:
In contemporary Christian practice, anointing with oil is used in various sacramental and healing contexts. James 5:14-15 instructs, "Is any one of you sick? He should call the elders of the church to pray over him and anoint him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer offered in faith will restore the one who is sick."

Anointing remains a powerful symbol of God's presence, blessing, and empowerment in the life of the believer, serving as a reminder of the call to live a life set apart for God's purposes.