The Breastpiece of Judgment, also known as the Breastplate of Judgment, is a significant element of the high priest's sacred garments as described in the Old Testament. It is primarily detailed in the Book of Exodus, where God provides Moses with specific instructions for its construction and use. The breastpiece is a symbol of divine guidance and judgment, serving as a tangible representation of the high priest's role as an intermediary between God and the Israelites.

Biblical Description and Construction

The instructions for the Breastpiece of Judgment are found in Exodus 28:15-30. The breastpiece is to be crafted by skilled artisans using materials of the highest quality. It is made of gold, blue, purple, and scarlet yarn, and finely twisted linen, matching the ephod to which it is attached. The breastpiece is square when folded, measuring a span in length and a span in width.

The breastpiece is adorned with twelve precious stones set in gold filigree, arranged in four rows of three stones each. Each stone represents one of the twelve tribes of Israel, and the names of the tribes are engraved on the stones. The specific stones mentioned in Exodus 28:17-20 are:

1. Sardius, topaz, and carbuncle in the first row.
2. Emerald, sapphire, and diamond in the second row.
3. Jacinth, agate, and amethyst in the third row.
4. Beryl, onyx, and jasper in the fourth row.

The breastpiece is secured to the ephod by gold chains and rings, ensuring it remains in place over the high priest's heart.

Function and Significance

The Breastpiece of Judgment holds a central role in the high priest's duties, particularly in seeking God's will for the nation of Israel. Exodus 28:30 states, "And place the Urim and the Thummim in the breastpiece of judgment, so that they will also be over Aaron’s heart whenever he enters the presence of the LORD. Thus Aaron will always bear the means of judgment for the Israelites over his heart before the LORD."

The Urim and Thummim, whose exact nature and function remain a subject of scholarly debate, are believed to be divinely ordained tools for discerning God's judgment and guidance. They are placed within the breastpiece, signifying the high priest's responsibility to carry the spiritual and judicial concerns of the people before God.

The breastpiece's placement over the heart symbolizes the high priest's role in bearing the tribes of Israel before the Lord continually, emphasizing the importance of intercession and representation in the priestly office.

Theological Implications

The Breastpiece of Judgment underscores the themes of divine order, holiness, and the covenant relationship between God and His people. It reflects the meticulous care with which God instructed the Israelites to approach Him, highlighting the sacredness of the priestly office and the necessity of mediation in the Old Covenant.

In the broader biblical narrative, the breastpiece foreshadows the ultimate High Priest, Jesus Christ, who perfectly mediates between God and humanity. As Hebrews 4:14-16 explains, Christ's priesthood surpasses the Levitical priesthood, offering believers direct access to God's throne of grace.

The Breastpiece of Judgment remains a profound symbol of God's desire for order, justice, and relationship with His people, serving as a reminder of the high calling and responsibility of those who serve in spiritual leadership.