Biblical Reference: Numbers 22:21-35

Context and Background:
The account of Balaam's donkey speaking is found in the Book of Numbers, a part of the Pentateuch, traditionally attributed to Moses. This narrative occurs during the Israelites' journey to the Promised Land, specifically when they encamp in the plains of Moab, across the Jordan River from Jericho. Balak, the king of Moab, fears the Israelites due to their numbers and their recent victories over neighboring nations. In an attempt to thwart them, Balak seeks the services of Balaam, a non-Israelite prophet known for his ability to bless and curse.

Narrative Summary:
Balaam initially refuses Balak's request to curse Israel, as God instructs him not to go. However, after Balak's persistent entreaties and the promise of great reward, God permits Balaam to go with Balak's messengers, but only to speak what God commands.

As Balaam sets out on his journey, riding his donkey, God's anger is kindled because Balaam's intentions are not aligned with God's will. The Angel of the LORD stands in the road to oppose him. Balaam's donkey sees the Angel and turns aside into a field. Balaam strikes the donkey to get it back on the path. This happens three times: the donkey sees the Angel, turns aside, and Balaam strikes it.

The Donkey Speaks:
In a miraculous event, God opens the donkey's mouth, and it speaks to Balaam: "What have I done to you that you have beaten me these three times?" (Numbers 22:28). Balaam, seemingly unfazed by the donkey's speech, argues with it, expressing his frustration. The donkey responds, highlighting its faithful service to Balaam and questioning whether it has ever acted this way before.

Divine Revelation:
God then opens Balaam's eyes, allowing him to see the Angel of the LORD standing in the way with a drawn sword. Balaam bows low and falls facedown. The Angel rebukes Balaam for his mistreatment of the donkey and explains that the donkey's actions saved Balaam from destruction. Balaam confesses his sin and offers to return home, but the Angel instructs him to continue, reiterating that he must only speak what God tells him.

Theological Significance:
This passage underscores several key themes in biblical theology. First, it highlights God's sovereignty and control over all creation, as He uses a donkey to convey His message. The narrative also emphasizes the importance of obedience to God's will, as Balaam's intentions are scrutinized and corrected by divine intervention. Furthermore, the account illustrates God's protection over His people, Israel, ensuring that no curse can prevail against them when they are under His blessing.

Moral and Ethical Lessons:
The account of Balaam and his donkey serves as a moral lesson on humility and the dangers of greed and disobedience. Balaam's initial resistance to God's command, swayed by the promise of reward, serves as a cautionary tale about the perils of placing personal gain above divine instruction. The speaking donkey acts as a humbling agent, reminding Balaam—and the readers—of the need for spiritual discernment and submission to God's will.

Symbolism and Interpretation:
The donkey, often seen as a symbol of humility and service, becomes an instrument of divine revelation, challenging human pride and presumption. The Angel of the LORD, a theophany in the Old Testament, represents God's direct intervention in human affairs, guiding and correcting His chosen instruments.

Conclusion:
The account of Balaam's donkey speaking is a profound narrative that combines elements of the miraculous with deep theological insights, serving as a reminder of God's omnipotence and the necessity of aligning one's actions with His divine purposes.