Deuteronomy 19:15

A lone witness is not sufficient to establish any wrongdoing or sin against a man, regardless of what offense he may have committed. A matter must be established by the testimony of two or three witnesses.

Study Bible

A single witness
In the context of ancient Israelite society, the testimony of a single individual was not sufficient to establish a matter of legal or moral consequence. The Hebrew word for "witness" is "עֵד" (ed), which implies someone who provides evidence or testimony. This principle underscores the importance of communal discernment and the prevention of false accusations. In a broader sense, it reflects the biblical emphasis on truth and justice, ensuring that decisions are not made hastily or based on potentially biased or incomplete information.

shall not suffice
The insufficiency of a single witness highlights the need for corroboration in legal matters. This phrase emphasizes the biblical principle that justice must be thorough and fair. The Hebrew root "דַּי" (day) conveys the idea of adequacy or sufficiency, suggesting that more than one perspective is necessary to establish the truth. This principle is echoed in the New Testament, where Jesus and Paul both affirm the need for multiple witnesses (Matthew 18:16, 2 Corinthians 13:1).

to convict a man
The term "convict" in this context refers to the establishment of guilt or responsibility. The Hebrew word "קוּם" (qum) can mean to arise or stand, indicating the formal establishment of a charge against someone. This reflects the seriousness with which accusations were treated in Israelite law, ensuring that individuals were not wrongfully condemned without substantial evidence.

of any crime or wrongdoing
The phrase encompasses a broad range of offenses, from minor transgressions to serious crimes. The Hebrew words "חַטָּאָה" (chatta'ah) for sin or crime and "עָוֹן" (avon) for wrongdoing or iniquity, indicate both moral and legal violations. This comprehensive approach underscores the biblical commitment to justice in all areas of life, recognizing that both minor and major offenses require careful consideration and evidence.

that he may have committed
This phrase acknowledges the potential for human error and wrongdoing. The Hebrew verb "חָטָא" (chata) means to miss the mark or to sin, suggesting that all individuals are capable of falling short of God's standards. This recognition of human fallibility is balanced by the need for justice and accountability, ensuring that accusations are not made lightly or without due process.

A matter must be established
The establishment of a matter involves a process of verification and confirmation. The Hebrew word "קוּם" (qum) again appears here, emphasizing the need for a firm and reliable foundation for any accusation. This principle reflects the biblical value of truth and the importance of ensuring that justice is based on solid evidence rather than hearsay or assumption.

by the testimony of two or three witnesses
This requirement for multiple witnesses is a safeguard against false accusations and ensures a more comprehensive understanding of the situation. The number "two or three" is significant in biblical law, providing a balance between thoroughness and practicality. This principle is rooted in the communal nature of Israelite society, where the collective testimony of the community helps to discern truth and maintain justice. It also foreshadows New Testament teachings on church discipline and the confirmation of truth within the Christian community.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Moses
The author of Deuteronomy, who is delivering God's laws to the Israelites.

2. Israelites
The audience receiving the law, God's chosen people, who are preparing to enter the Promised Land.

3. Promised Land
The land of Canaan, which the Israelites are about to enter and where these laws will be applied.

4. Judicial System
The context in which this law is given, focusing on justice and fairness in legal proceedings.

5. Witnesses
Individuals who provide testimony in legal matters, crucial for establishing truth and justice.

Teaching Points

The Importance of Justice
God's law emphasizes fairness and justice, ensuring that accusations are substantiated by multiple witnesses to prevent false testimony and wrongful punishment.

The Role of Community
The requirement for multiple witnesses highlights the communal aspect of justice, where the community plays a role in establishing truth and maintaining order.

Guarding Against False Accusations
This principle serves as a safeguard against false accusations, protecting individuals from being wrongfully condemned based on insufficient evidence.

Application in Church Discipline
The New Testament application of this principle in church discipline underscores its continued relevance, ensuring that accusations are handled with integrity and fairness.

Encouragement for Integrity
Believers are encouraged to live with integrity, knowing that truth is established through reliable testimony and that God values honesty and justice.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does the requirement for two or three witnesses in Deuteronomy 19:15 reflect God's character and His desire for justice?

2. In what ways can this principle be applied in modern legal systems and church governance to ensure fairness and prevent false accusations?

3. How does the New Testament use of this principle in Matthew 18:16 and 1 Timothy 5:19 demonstrate its continued importance for believers today?

4. What are some practical steps we can take to ensure that we are living with integrity and honesty in our personal and communal lives?

5. How can understanding the communal aspect of justice in Deuteronomy 19:15 help us build stronger, more accountable relationships within our church communities?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Matthew 18:16
Jesus references this principle when instructing on how to handle sin within the church, emphasizing the need for multiple witnesses.

2 Corinthians 13:1
Paul reiterates this principle, applying it to the confirmation of his own teachings and authority.

1 Timothy 5:19
Paul advises Timothy not to entertain accusations against an elder unless supported by two or three witnesses, reflecting the importance of this principle in church leadership.