What is confirmation bias?

Definition and Nature of Confirmation Bias

Confirmation bias is the tendency to focus on information that already aligns with one’s existing beliefs and to dismiss or overlook any evidence that challenges those beliefs. In a broader sense, this bias fastens onto familiar viewpoints, leading people to reject new or conflicting perspectives prematurely. Within behavioral science, this is understood as a common cognitive shortcut: individuals gravitate toward evidence that supports what they already assume to be true.

While examining any issue—whether biblical, scientific, or personal—confirmation bias can limit one’s openness to truth. It may inspire one-sided research, selective reading, or failing to seek out contrary information. This phenomenon often underlies disagreements by fueling misunderstanding and reactivity.

Biblical Foundations and Warnings Against Partiality

Scripture underscores the importance of seeking truth without favoritism or prejudice. Proverbs 18:17 states, “The first to state his case seems right until another comes and cross-examines him.” This verse highlights the need to look beyond the first assumption, especially when it lines up too neatly with one’s own bias.

James likewise instructs believers not to show partiality (James 2:1). Though this passage addresses favoritism in communal settings, its principle guides believers away from narrow-minded judgments. Seeking out alternate viewpoints or challenges teaches humility, guarding against the flaw of confirmation bias.

Psychological Considerations: The Tendency to Select Evidence

From a behavioral science viewpoint, human beings naturally filter information based on preconceived concepts or values. Countless studies in cognitive psychology indicate that when individuals encounter data contrary to their beliefs, they may rationalize or modify that data to fit accepted narratives.

Even in scriptural matters, the same phenomenon can appear. Individuals who approach the Scriptures only to confirm their preferred doctrinal stance may overlook passages presenting a fuller or more balanced perspective (cf. 2 Timothy 3:16: “All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for instruction…”). Proper biblical study calls for an honest, holistic assessment of the text.

Examples from Scripture

One illustrative example is found in the ministry of Jesus. Many of the religious leaders were predisposed to disbelief, continually seeking to trap Him with questions rather than investigating His signs and teachings sincerely (Matthew 22:15–22). Their confirmation bias caused them to dismiss evidence of His authority, including miraculous healings and fulfilled prophecies.

Similarly, in the Old Testament, some hardened their hearts against clear demonstrations of divine intervention. Pharaoh in Exodus repeatedly witnessed the plagues yet still resisted acknowledging the power behind Moses’ message (Exodus 7–11). These scenes present cautionary illustrations of how bias can blind us to obvious truth.

Historical Illustrations and Archaeological Insights

In modern scholarship, confirmation bias can be seen when researchers selectively highlight archaeological or textual findings that support a preconceived timeline while ignoring or downplaying contrary material. However, many archaeological discoveries lend robust support to the historical reliability of Scripture when examined objectively. For instance, the Dead Sea Scrolls affirm the remarkable consistency of many Old Testament manuscripts. This helps demonstrate the importance of evaluating evidence comprehensively, rather than with the lens of a pre-established conclusion.

Geological discussions of Earth's age often reveal a similar dynamic. Some interpret rock layers strictly within prevailing scientific paradigms and see no place for a younger earth viewpoint. Yet others point to data—such as soft tissue found in certain fossil remains—that, when thoroughly considered, may comport with a more recent and intelligent design perspective. Careful assessment seeks to integrate—and not selectively omit—these details to form a complete picture.

Practical Implications and Overcoming Confirmation Bias

1 John 4:1 says, “Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are from God….” An essential antidote to confirmation bias involves testing, cross-examining, and evaluating all positions—even those we instinctively favor. Employing wise counsel, research from reputable sources, and humble openness to questions helps in pursuing a well-rounded approach.

Prayer, genuine inquiry, and readiness to refine beliefs in light of truth all counter confirmation bias. Whether examining an ancient biblical text or a present-day scientific claim, leaning on discernment (James 1:5) and a willingness to consider multiple lines of evidence (Proverbs 18:15) will guide us closer to accuracy.

Conclusion

Confirmation bias is a common human pitfall that can obscure any serious quest for truth. Biblical teaching encourages believers to remain genuine in teaching, honest about facts, and open to the possibility that initial assumptions are incomplete. By acknowledging this bias and actively countering its effects, one becomes better equipped to weigh evidence, embrace truth, and avoid the pitfalls of selective reasoning.

As Scripture states, “For since the creation of the world God’s invisible qualities—His eternal power and divine nature—have been clearly seen, being understood from His workmanship, so that men are without excuse” (Romans 1:20). Finding and affirming truth demands sincere exploration rather than the confirmation of preexisting assumptions. Through diligent study, prayerfulness, and openness to all evidence, believers and skeptics alike can better guard against confirmation bias and journey toward truth.