What defines sectarianism?

Definition and Core Concepts

Sectarianism, in general usage, refers to divisions, factions, or schisms that occur within a larger religious, social, or cultural group. In Scripture, the concept of factionalism or divisiveness is frequently cautioned against. The core issue is not simply having different perspectives or theological leanings, but allowing those differences to create animosity, rival groups, and the fracturing of fellowship.

The Berean Standard Bible shows that believers are called to strive for unity in Christ: “I appeal to you, brothers, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that all of you agree together so that there may be no divisions among you and that you may be united in mind and conviction” (1 Corinthians 1:10). While there can be legitimate distinctives in practice or emphasis, the biblical principle urges harmony and warns against the spirit of sectarianism that leads to disunity.

Biblical Roots of Factionalism

Scripture provides multiple examples of sectarian attitudes:

1. Instances in the Early Church: The Corinthian congregation struggled with identifying themselves under various leaders. Some claimed, “I follow Paul,” or “I follow Apollos,” or “I follow Cephas,” revealing a spirit of schism (1 Corinthians 1:12–13).

2. Warnings from Apostles: Paul admonished believers against following self-styled teachers who promote themselves or usurp Christ’s authority (Galatians 1:6–9). Instead, he pointed to one gospel, one Lord, and one Spirit.

3. Root Causes: According to Scripture, the heart issues behind sectarianism include pride, envy, and an unteachable spirit. James wrote, “For where jealousy and selfish ambition exist, there will be disorder and every evil practice” (James 3:16).

Distinguishing Healthy Variation from Sectarianism

Biblical teaching allows for diversity in nonessential matters. In Romans 14:5, Paul highlights how some believers esteem one day above another while others treat every day alike. Such differences are acceptable and should not produce division.

However, sectarianism arises when:

• Minor doctrinal or cultural preferences become elevated to primary doctrine.

• Believers insist on uniformity of practice where Scripture permits variety.

• Various factions claim exclusive spiritual authority or legitimacy, sowing disunity in the Body of Christ.

True unity does not force uniformity in all areas, but it retains a shared allegiance to core doctrines—such as the divinity of Christ, His bodily resurrection, and the truth and authority of Scripture.

Scriptural Condemnation of Divisiveness

The Bible specifically condemns those who stir up strife:

• “Reject a divisive man after a first and second admonition, knowing that such a man is corrupt and sinful; he is self-condemned.” (Titus 3:10–11)

• “Now I urge you, brothers, to watch out for those who create divisions and obstacles that are contrary to the teaching you have learned. Turn away from them.” (Romans 16:17)

Clearly, the apostles treated those who cause divisions with severe admonitions. This underscores that sectarianism is not a mere difference of opinion but a willful stance or behavior that tears at the unity of the faith community.

Historicity and Examples of Sectarian Groups

Over the centuries, various groups have formed that deviate from biblical orthodoxy, often leading to sectarian strife. In the earliest centuries after the time of the apostles, certain sects denied the full humanity or full deity of Christ, leading to church councils refuting those errors. Historical manuscripts—such as the early codices (Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Vaticanus)—bear record of consistent New Testament teaching on Christ’s nature, revealing that deviations typically involved extra-biblical speculations or distortions, thus forming sects.

Beyond antiquity, sectarian divisions continued to arise for varied reasons: doctrinal extremes, political alliances, or personal rivalries. Archaeological and historical research (such as the discoveries of early Christian gathering places in regions of the Near East) confirms that whenever sets of believers allowed personal or nonessential issues to overshadow the common gospel message, splits and sectarian labels formed.

Theological Perspectives on Unity and Maturity

According to Ephesians 4:3–6, believers are commanded to “make every effort to preserve the unity of the Spirit through the bond of peace. There is one body and one Spirit…one Lord, one faith, one baptism; one God and Father of all.”

This unity is undergirded by common belief in Christ’s redemptive sacrifice and resurrection. If Christ is honored, the Holy Spirit is relied upon for sanctification, and Scripture (the “God-breathed” word) is held as ultimate authority, the essentials remain unifying rather than divisive.

Practical Considerations in Avoiding Sectarianism

1. Focus on the Core: Emphasize beliefs clearly laid out in Scripture—Christ’s deity, resurrection, salvation by grace, the call to holiness, and the authority of God’s Word.

2. Practice Humility and Love: Maintain a heart willing to listen and learn. Seek to reflect the love Jesus taught: “A new commandment I give you: Love one another. As I have loved you, so must you love one another” (John 13:34).

3. Discernment Without Divisiveness: Biblical discernment ensures that false teaching is addressed (1 John 4:1). Yet confronting error lovingly aims for restoration, not fracturing the body of believers.

4. Agree to Disagree on Nonessentials: Honour the conscience of others in matters Scripture does not explicitly define. This fosters respect and recognizes that sanctification is a journey.

Sectarianism and the Call to “One Body”

Ultimately, Scripture portrays the Church as a single body. Paul writes, “Just as each of us has one body with many members, and not all members have the same function, so in Christ we who are many are one body, and each member belongs to one another” (Romans 12:4–5). Sectarianism, motivated by pride or doctrinal extremes, undermines this godly design.

The earliest believers gathered in unity, celebrating the resurrection of Christ as their central shared victory (Acts 2:42–47). Whenever the impetus to form factions emerged, the apostolic admonition was swift in calling them back to unity, teaching that Christ is not divided.

Conclusion

Sectarianism is the development of factions and divisions that conflict with the biblical mandate for oneness in Christ. While Scripture acknowledges that believers may differ in nonessential areas, it condemns the divisive spirit that arises from pride or unbiblical teaching. True unity rests on commitment to the gospel of Jesus Christ and the authority of God’s Word. By humbly following biblical directives, Christians can avoid sectarian behaviors and instead reflect the unity, love, and fellowship that characterize the family of God.