What are the works of the flesh?

Definition of “Works of the Flesh”

In the context of the New Testament, the phrase “works of the flesh” refers to those behaviors, attitudes, and inclinations that run counter to a life guided by the Spirit of God. Paul introduces this theme in the letter to the Galatians, where he outlines certain harmful actions and immoral lifestyles that result from humanity’s fallen nature. According to Galatians 5:19–21, “The acts of the flesh are obvious...those who practice such things will not inherit the kingdom of God.” This description makes clear that these works are outward manifestations of an inner corruption.

Scriptural Basis

Although the most direct example is found in Galatians 5:19–21, the theme appears in various passages throughout Scripture. Romans 8:8 says, “Those controlled by the flesh cannot please God.” In 1 Corinthians 3:3, believers are admonished for being “still fleshly.” These and other passages demonstrate that Scripture consistently describes the flesh as humanity’s natural inclination away from holiness and toward self-gratification.

List and Explanation of the Works of the Flesh

Below is a commonly referenced list from Galatians 5:19–21. Each term encapsulates specific actions or attitudes that disrupt one’s relationship with God and others.

• Sexual Immorality – Behaviors outside the boundaries of biblical marriage.

• Impurity – Thoughts and deeds that stain a believer’s moral and spiritual character.

• Debauchery – Excessive indulgences, often linked with overt lust or lack of restraint.

• Idolatry – Placing anything—whether material or ideological—above devotion to God.

• Sorcery – Reliance on occult practices or manipulative spiritual forces opposed to God.

• Hatred, Discord, Jealousy – Hostile attitudes that foster division and bitterness.

• Fits of Rage, Rivalries, Divisions, Factions – Behaviors resulting from selfish ambition and an unwillingness to reconcile.

• Envy – A resentful longing for someone else’s advantages or blessings.

• Drunkenness, Orgies, and the Like – Substance abuse and wild living that subverts self-control and spiritual discipline.

In the original language of the New Testament (Koine Greek), these terms emphasize both individual acts and overarching patterns of behavior. For instance, the word often rendered “sexual immorality” is a broad term (porneia) referring to all manners of illicit relationships and practices, underscoring how each “work of the flesh” can manifest in various ways.

Root Causes

The origin of these works lies in humanity’s inherited sinful inclination, described in Genesis 6:5 as “every inclination of the thoughts of [man’s] heart was only evil continually.” Rather than simply being a set of random actions, these works flow from a deeper inclination to defy righteous standards. Scripture maintains that people are drawn away by personal desires (James 1:14–15) and influenced by a fallen world system in rebellion against God.

Consequences

Paul’s warning in Galatians 5:21 indicates that indulging in such behaviors “will not inherit the kingdom of God.” This implies more than a momentary lapse; rather, a willful lifestyle dominated by these traits reveals a heart incongruent with the Spirit’s transforming power. Romans 6:23 affirms that “the wages of sin is death,” highlighting the severe separation from God that results. Additionally, persistent disharmony and moral decay can fracture relationships, cause emotional turmoil, and undermine communities.

Contrast with the Fruit of the Spirit

Galatians 5 juxtaposes “works of the flesh” with the “fruit of the Spirit,” encouraging believers to pursue love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control (Galatians 5:22–23). While the former arises from one’s fallen nature, the latter is supernaturally grown through the believer’s relationship with the Holy Spirit. This contrast highlights that the believer’s life is meant to reflect Christ’s character, in direct opposition to the destructive behaviors associated with the flesh.

Practical Applications

1. Self-Examination

Identifying areas in which fleshly tendencies manifest is a key step toward spiritual growth. Honest reflection aligns with 2 Corinthians 13:5: “Examine yourselves to see whether you are in the faith.”

2. Reliance on the Holy Spirit

Overcoming these works is not achieved through mere willpower but through walking by the Spirit (Galatians 5:16). Daily surrender to God leads to renewed desires and habits.

3. Accountability and Community

Fellowship with other believers offers encouragement, correction, and prayer support. James 5:16 exhorts believers to “confess your sins to each other” and to pray for one another.

4. Biblical Guidance

Immersing oneself in Scripture provides clear direction and shapes one’s internal compass toward godliness. Psalm 119:11 expresses, “I have hidden Your word in my heart that I might not sin against You.”

5. Prayer and Repentance

Consistent prayer fosters a deeper awareness of God’s holiness and personal shortcomings, resulting in true repentance. Turning away from fleshly works means aligning one’s life with God’s will.

Conclusion

The works of the flesh, as detailed in Galatians 5 and echoed throughout the Bible, threaten to lead individuals to spiritual ruin. They portray a heart bent on self-indulgence rather than pursuing true righteousness. Yet Scripture offers a hopeful alternative: a Spirit-led life, marked by love, purity, and obedience to God.

This contrast between the works of the flesh and the fruit of the Spirit is both sobering and uplifting. It reminds readers that apart from divine intervention, the flesh dominates. However, those who place trust in God can experience genuine transformation, ultimately living in a way that pleases Him and strengthens loving fellowship with others.