How can the “eye for an eye” principle (Leviticus 24:19–20) be reconciled with New Testament teachings like “turn the other cheek” (Matthew 5:38–39)?

The Original Context and Purpose of “Eye for an Eye”

In the Mosaic Law, the command “eye for eye, tooth for tooth” (Leviticus 24:19–20) functioned as a foundational legal principle of proportional justice, commonly referred to as lex talionis. Procedures for civil justice were established to ensure that punishment matched the severity of the offense rather than allowing unchecked revenge or disproportionate retaliation. This instruction prevented escalation of violence and assured that the community’s legal and moral guidelines were uniformly enforced.

Archaeological evidence and ancient legal texts outside of Scripture, such as the Code of Hammurabi (circa 18th century BC), also contain principles of proportional justice. Such external documents highlight the historical context of the biblical command. While other cultures employed similar measures, in the Law of Moses, this “eye for an eye” directive was deeply intertwined with maintaining a just and orderly society under divine authority.

Civil Law Versus Personal Vengeance

Old Testament civil statutes generally addressed community order. These laws were judicial and remedial; they governed the legal framework by which Israel’s leadership held individuals accountable. The prescribed consequences were to be administered by recognized authorities (Deuteronomy 19:18–21), preventing individuals from taking the law into their own hands.

In contrast, personal vengeance—where one might seek a self-determined retribution—was considered morally and spiritually destructive (Leviticus 19:18; cf. Proverbs 20:22). Thus, the Mosaic directive constrained personal vendettas by providing a measured, community-based system of justice.

Jesus’ Teaching in the Sermon on the Mount

In Matthew 5:38–39, Jesus cites the well-known phrase “Eye for eye and tooth for tooth” and then says:

• “You have heard that it was said, ‘Eye for eye and tooth for tooth.’” (Matthew 5:38)

• “But I tell you not to resist an evil person. If someone slaps you on your right cheek, turn to him the other also.” (Matthew 5:39)

Jesus’ instruction here shifts to the realm of personal ethics. Rather than overturning the concept of civil justice laid out in the Mosaic law, He reveals a deeper heart attitude for His followers. He challenges disciples not to seek personal revenge or recourse but to exemplify mercy, hyper-extending kindness in the face of insult or wrongdoing.

Equipping Believers with a New Covenant Perspective

The harmony between Leviticus 24:19–20 and Matthew 5:38–39 becomes clear when considering that the New Testament calls believers to live in a way that goes beyond the civil requirements of the old order. Whereas “eye for an eye” served Israel’s judicial structure, believers are now called to mirror God’s own mercy in interpersonal relationships, willingly absorbing personal offense as a demonstration of love and grace (Romans 12:17–21).

This does not nullify the principle of proportionate justice in broader society. Government and judicial systems still maintain the responsibility to protect the innocent and punish lawbreakers (Romans 13:3–4). Yet individually, believers are encouraged to “overcome evil with good” (Romans 12:21) in practice and attitude.

Illustrations from Early Church Practice

The early believers, as described in the Book of Acts, displayed this ethic by responding to persecution with patience and prayer. For instance, when Stephen was martyred, his final words were not a demand for vengeance but a prayer of forgiveness for his assailants (Acts 7:60). This personal posture of grace sits side by side with the reality that God ultimately judges wrongdoing and that governing bodies uphold civil discipline.

Ensuring Justice While Extending Forgiveness

Scripture consistently underscores the coexistence of justice and mercy. Punitive measures in society—rooted in “eye for an eye”—establish the rule of law. Meanwhile, the call to “turn the other cheek” pertains to an individual’s willingness to forgive, show kindness, and refrain from personal retaliation.

In the modern era, civil and criminal codes still fulfill the function of ensuring justice in the public sphere. Believers practicing mercy and forgiveness in personal relationships do not diminish legal consequences for harmful acts. Rather, they demonstrate they are governed by a higher principle of love, reflecting the character of the God who both enacts justice and offers forgiveness.

Relevant Biblical and Extra-Biblical Evidence

• Manuscript consistency, including the Dead Sea Scrolls’ witness to Leviticus, affirms that the Hebrew text concerning “eye for eye” has been reliably transmitted.

• Early church writings (e.g., the Epistle of Barnabas, the letters of Ignatius) showcase how first-century believers understood they were to reject private retaliation, even as they supported fair governance.

• Historical records indicate that Roman authorities recognized Christianity’s emphasis on peaceable conduct, distinguishing believers who embraced “turn the other cheek” from groups seeking armed revolt.

Practical Takeaways

1. Recognize the Distinction: “Eye for an eye” pertains to lawful, societal redress, preventing unchecked vengeance. “Turn the other cheek” addresses individual conduct, challenging believers to exemplify radical forgiveness.

2. Understand Justice and Mercy: Both principles are facets of God’s righteous character—one upholding communal order, the other calling for personal grace.

3. Live Out the Balance: Believers can advocate for just laws and public accountability (in line with the Old Testament principle) while personally offering forgiveness and refusing to retaliate.

4. Follow the Example of Christ: Even when wrongfully harmed, He did not retaliate (1 Peter 2:23). This model undergirds the practical outworking of “turn the other cheek.”

Conclusion

The “eye for an eye” directive under the Mosaic Law reflects a societal framework for proportionate justice, whereas “turn the other cheek” calls individuals to surpass retaliation by exercising love and mercy. These concepts work in concert rather than stand in contradiction. Together, they illustrate the fullness of Scriptural teaching: a holy God who upholds justice and a gracious God who calls His people to walk in forgiveness.