Iniquity and transgression are terms frequently encountered in the Bible, often used to describe different aspects of sin and moral failure. While they are sometimes used interchangeably, each term carries distinct connotations and implications within the biblical context.

Iniquity

Iniquity, derived from the Hebrew word "avon," generally refers to a premeditated choice, continuing in sin without repentance. It implies a distortion or perversion of what is right, often indicating a deeper, more ingrained form of sinfulness. Iniquity is not merely an act but a condition of the heart, reflecting a willful deviation from God's righteous standards.

The Bible frequently addresses iniquity in the context of God's judgment and mercy. For instance, in Isaiah 53:5-6 , the prophet speaks of the Suffering Servant, saying, "But He was pierced for our transgressions, He was crushed for our iniquities; the punishment that brought us peace was upon Him, and by His stripes we are healed. We all like sheep have gone astray, each one has turned to his own way; and the LORD has laid upon Him the iniquity of us all." Here, iniquity is portrayed as a burden that the Messiah would bear on behalf of humanity, highlighting the gravity and weight of iniquity in the divine economy.

Iniquity is often associated with generational sin, as seen in Exodus 34:7 , where God declares, "maintaining loving devotion to a thousand generations, forgiving iniquity, transgression, and sin. Yet He will by no means leave the guilty unpunished, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on their children and grandchildren to the third and fourth generation." This passage underscores the enduring impact of iniquity, suggesting that its consequences can extend beyond the individual to affect future generations.

Transgression

Transgression, from the Hebrew word "pesha," signifies a rebellion or breach of trust. It is an intentional crossing of boundaries set by God, often involving a conscious decision to violate His commandments. Transgression is an act of defiance against divine authority, reflecting a deliberate choice to go against God's will.

The Bible often pairs transgression with iniquity to emphasize the comprehensive nature of human sinfulness. In Psalm 32:1 , David writes, "Blessed is he whose transgressions are forgiven, whose sins are covered." This verse highlights the blessedness of divine forgiveness, acknowledging the reality of transgression while celebrating God's grace in covering sin.

Transgression is also depicted as a legal offense, a breach of covenantal obligations. In 1 John 3:4 , the apostle states, "Everyone who practices sin practices lawlessness as well. Indeed, sin is lawlessness." Here, transgression is equated with lawlessness, underscoring its nature as a violation of God's law.

In the prophetic literature, transgression is often linked with social injustice and idolatry. For example, in Amos 2:4 , the Lord pronounces judgment on Judah, saying, "For three transgressions of Judah, even four, I will not revoke My judgment, because they have rejected the law of the LORD and have not kept His statutes; their lies have led them astray, the same lies their fathers followed." This passage illustrates how transgression can manifest in societal corruption and spiritual unfaithfulness.

In summary, iniquity and transgression are integral concepts in the biblical understanding of sin. Iniquity denotes a deep-seated moral corruption, while transgression signifies a willful violation of God's commands. Both terms underscore the seriousness of sin and the need for divine forgiveness and redemption, as ultimately fulfilled in the person and work of Jesus Christ.