Deuteronomy 22:28

If a man encounters a virgin who is not pledged in marriage, and he seizes her and lies with her, and they are discovered,

Study Bible

If a man encounters a virgin who is not pledged in marriage
This phrase sets the context for the situation being addressed. In ancient Israelite society, virginity was highly valued, and a woman's marital status was significant. A virgin not pledged in marriage indicates a young woman who is not yet betrothed, which was a formal agreement akin to engagement but more binding. The cultural context emphasizes the importance of family honor and the protection of women within the community. The law aims to address situations where a woman's future and family honor could be jeopardized.

and he seizes her and lies with her
The language here indicates a non-consensual act, which is a serious offense in biblical law. The term "seizes" suggests force or coercion, highlighting the gravity of the man's actions. This reflects the broader biblical principle of justice and protection for the vulnerable, as seen in other laws that protect the rights of individuals (Exodus 22:16-17). The act of lying with her without consent is considered a violation of her person and future prospects, necessitating legal and social consequences.

and they are discovered
The discovery of the act implies a public awareness, which would necessitate a community response. In ancient Israel, community involvement in legal matters was common, as seen in the role of elders and judges in resolving disputes (Deuteronomy 21:18-21). The public nature of the discovery underscores the importance of communal standards and the need for justice to be visibly upheld. This aligns with the biblical theme of accountability and the role of the community in maintaining moral and social order.

Persons / Places / Events

1. Man
The individual who encounters and seizes the virgin. In the context of ancient Israel, this refers to a male member of the community.

2. Virgin
A young woman who is not pledged to be married. In Hebrew, the term used is "na'arah," which refers to a young woman of marriageable age.

3. Event
The act of seizing and lying with the virgin. This is a situation that requires legal and moral consideration within the community.

4. Discovery
The act is found out or made known to others, prompting a response according to the law.

Teaching Points

Understanding the Cultural Context
In ancient Israel, laws were given to protect the vulnerable and maintain social order. Understanding the historical and cultural context helps us grasp the intent behind the law.

The Value of Purity
The emphasis on a virgin not pledged to be married underscores the value placed on purity and the sanctity of marriage.

Responsibility and Consequences
The law holds individuals accountable for their actions, emphasizing the importance of responsibility and the consequences of sin.

God's Justice and Mercy
While the law provides justice, it also reflects God's mercy by offering a way to restore honor and provide for the woman involved.

Modern Application
In today's context, this passage challenges us to consider how we uphold the dignity and protection of individuals, particularly in matters of sexual ethics.

Bible Study Questions

1. How does understanding the cultural context of ancient Israel help us interpret Deuteronomy 22:28?

2. What are the similarities and differences between the laws in Deuteronomy 22:28 and Exodus 22:16-17, and what do they teach us about responsibility?

3. How does the account of Dinah in Genesis 34 provide insight into the societal implications of such events?

4. In what ways does Jesus' teaching in Matthew 5:27-28 expand our understanding of purity and responsibility?

5. How can we apply the principles of justice and mercy found in Deuteronomy 22:28 to contemporary issues of sexual ethics and personal responsibility?

Connections to Other Scriptures

Exodus 22:16-17
This passage provides additional context on the consequences and responsibilities when a man seduces a virgin who is not betrothed.

Genesis 34
The account of Dinah and Shechem offers a account example of a similar situation, highlighting the cultural and familial implications.

Matthew 5:27-28
Jesus' teaching on lust and adultery expands the understanding of sexual immorality beyond physical acts to include the intentions of the heart.