Why did Sarah refer to Abraham as lord? Background and Key Passages In Scripture, the reference to Sarah calling Abraham “lord” appears most directly in 1 Peter 3:6: “just as Sarah obeyed Abraham and called him lord. You are her children if you do what is right and refuse to give way to fear.” This statement is an echo of the context in Genesis 18:12, where Sarah muses inwardly about the promise of a child, saying, “After I am worn out and my master is old, will I now have this pleasure?” Although the Berean Standard Bible translates Sarah’s term for Abraham as “master,” 1 Peter 3:6 specifically highlights the title “lord.” Taken together, these verses invite us to examine both the original context in Genesis and the interpretive lens employed by Peter. Understanding why Sarah would use a term that translates to “lord” or “master” involves a look at cultural norms, linguistic nuance, theological significance, and how it all connects to the broader testimony of Scripture. Cultural and Linguistic Context In the ancient Near Eastern world, it was typical for husbands and wives to address one another with titles that convey respect and honor. The Hebrew word used by Sarah (אדון, ’adon) can simply mean “lord,” “master,” or “sir,” functioning as a formal address of esteem. In everyday speech, people in Sarah’s culture would commonly use respectful terms for anyone in a position of authority or leadership, not merely for deity. Archaeological finds such as the Nuzi tablets (circa 15th century BC) confirm that familial and legal language in this era included honorific titles, demonstrating that referring to one’s husband as “lord” or “master” would have been both culturally acceptable and linguistically natural. Theological Significance Sarah’s use of “lord” to refer to Abraham does not imply worship. Instead, it underscores her recognition of Abraham’s role within their household and points to a heart of respect and cooperation. The biblical narrative depicts Sarah as a strong figure (Genesis 17–21) who actively participates in God’s plan; nonetheless, she acknowledges Abraham’s God-given position. The New Testament reference in 1 Peter 3:5–6 discusses how “the holy women of the past … put their hope in God and were submissive to their husbands.” This is an appeal not to servility but to a Christ-centered posture of humility, illustrating the harmonious relationship that can exist when individuals place their trust in God’s design for the family. Connection with God’s Covenant Promise The patriarchal narratives convey God’s covenant to Abraham in which Sarah would become “a mother of nations” (Genesis 17:16). Despite her occasional doubts—evident when she laughs at the angelic pronouncement that she will bear a son (Genesis 18:12)—she still refers to Abraham with respectful language. Scripture consistently highlights that promises are given through covenant relationships. Sarah’s reference to Abraham as “lord” (in 1 Peter 3:6) is framed in a larger theological context of God’s faithfulness to fulfill His word through a family line that would eventually lead to the Messiah. Modern archaeological evidence supports the historical plausibility of the patriarchal age, lending further weight to the biblical account’s authenticity. Illustration of Faith and Trust Sarah’s act of calling Abraham “lord” is sometimes misunderstood through modern lenses. However, the evidence from multiple ancient documents shows that this respectful address aligns with the culture of the time. In 1 Peter 3:6, the emphasis is not on hierarchical dominance; rather, it is on trusting God’s plan, reverencing one’s spouse, and acknowledging the roles that foster unity and mission. The passage in 1 Peter serves primarily as a lesson in faith for believers. Sarah’s verbal gesture is representative of an internal trust in God’s promises, despite her struggles with those same promises (Genesis 18:13–15). Reflections on Honor and Submission The concept of calling Abraham “lord” can evoke broader questions about marital relationships. Scripture casts a vision of mutual honor: husbands are to cherish and protect (Ephesians 5:25–29), and wives are to respect and affirm (Ephesians 5:33). This synergy is rooted in the divine design for the family and parallels the believer’s relationship with God. The Greek term used in 1 Peter 3:6 for “lord” (κύριον, kurion) is the standard address for a person of respect, much like the Hebrew term in Genesis 18:12. While it may sound strong to modern ears, studied in its original setting it captures an idea of deference and esteem, rather than a subservient position. Practical Application and Lessons 1. Mutual Respect: The example of Sarah and Abraham encourages spouses to cultivate respect within marriage. This respect is not one-sided but reciprocal, as husbands are instructed to show love and understanding. 2. Trust in God’s Design: Sarah’s example in 1 Peter 3:6 is a reminder for all believers to trust the order and roles God has established, recognizing that submission to God’s plan enhances unity and fosters spiritual growth. 3. Expressions of Honor: Though the specific language of “lord” or “master” may not be common today, the principle of honoring one another remains timeless. Contemporary families can find ways—linguistically and in daily practice—to demonstrate this same heart posture. Broader Biblical and Historical Support Multiple manuscripts and textual streams, from the Masoretic Text to extant Septuagint fragments, confirm the wording of Genesis 18:12 and its significance. This consistency across diverse manuscript traditions underscores the reliability of the Scriptures. Archaeological evidence from biblical lands, including discoveries in regions where Abraham is believed to have traveled, supports a coherent cultural backdrop for the narrative. These findings, while not “proving” spiritual truths, reinforce that the biblical authors faithfully portrayed a real ancient world. Outside of the immediate question of Sarah’s words, the accuracy of biblical genealogies and the unfolding of salvation history demonstrate Scripture’s internal unity. From Genesis to Revelation, themes of honor, covenant, and respect between husband and wife appear in harmony with accounts of God’s covenant faithfulness—ultimately culminating in the resurrection of Christ. Conclusion Sarah’s reference to Abraham as “lord” must be seen in light of her context, God’s covenant promises, and the New Testament’s commentary on her faith. Rather than implying subjugation, the term indicates cultural respect, shared faith in God’s plan, and an acknowledgment of Abraham’s role in the unfolding promise of salvation history. From a practical standpoint, this passage calls believers to consider the posture of their own hearts toward others—especially within the covenant of marriage. Sarah’s example stands as a testament to the interplay of deep respect, genuine faith, and trust in the God who orchestrates all things for His glory and our ultimate good. |
    |