What are the core beliefs of Sikhism?

Foundational History of Sikhism

Sikhism began in the Punjab region of South Asia during the 15th century. Its founder, Guru Nanak (1469–1539), traveled widely, preaching a way of life that emphasized devotion to one God, rejection of empty rituals, and service to others. Over time, nine succeeding Gurus refined and reiterated these teachings, culminating in the final human Guru, Guru Gobind Singh (1666–1708), who conferred the permanent Guruship on the Sikh holy scripture, the Guru Granth Sahib.

The community of Sikhs grew in a context marked by religious diversity. Influences from both Islam and Hinduism shaped early Sikh thought. The Sikh identity formed around a profound reverence for the teachings of the Gurus, which were codified in sacred writings. These historical events are documented by sources known as Janamsakhis (traditional hagiographic accounts of Guru Nanak’s life) and other historical records.

Core Beliefs and Theology

The primary theological emphasis of Sikhism is monotheism. Sikhs uphold the belief in a single, all-powerful God often referred to as “Waheguru,” “Sat Nam,” or “Akal Purakh.” This divine being is considered both transcendent (beyond human comprehension) and immanent (present within creation). Sikhs teach that humanity's primary aim is to unite with, understand, and experience this ultimate reality through sincere devotion and moral living.

Remarkably, this monotheistic dimension stands out in a region historically influenced by multiple deities and pantheonic devotions. Sikh doctrine rejects idol worship, caste distinctions, and superstitious rites, favoring a direct relationship with the Creator. The individual is encouraged to seek enlightenment through constant remembrance of God’s name (Nam Simran) and meditation on the divine Word (Shabad).

Scripture: The Guru Granth Sahib

Central to Sikh practice and worship is the Guru Granth Sahib. This text, finalized by Guru Gobind Singh in 1708, contains hymns and teachings not only from the Sikh Gurus but also from Hindu and Muslim saints whose writings align with Sikh beliefs about devotion to one God. It is written primarily in Gurmukhi script and is treated with the reverence accorded to a living teacher.

Throughout Sikh history, the Guru Granth Sahib has been safeguarded with meticulous care, and Sikhs consider its contents infallible regarding spiritual guidance. The text is recited, chanted, and studied in congregational worship at the Gurdwara (Sikh place of assembly and worship). Key passages highlight the oneness of God, the importance of meditation, truthfulness, and service.

The Role of the Ten Gurus

From Guru Nanak to Guru Gobind Singh, the ten human Gurus provided leadership and interpretation of Sikh principles. Each Guru reinforced the teachings of the previous ones, ensuring a continuity of doctrine. Notable contributions include:

• Guru Angad’s development of the Gurmukhi script.

• Guru Amar Das’s establishment of Sikh religious festivals and communal institutions.

• Guru Ram Das’s founding of the sacred city of Amritsar.

• Guru Arjan’s composition of additional scriptural hymns and construction of the Harmandir Sahib (Golden Temple).

• Guru Hargobind’s focus on combining spiritual pursuits with responsible community defense.

• Guru Gobind Singh’s creation of the Khalsa (the community of initiated Sikhs) and the final designation of the Guru Granth Sahib as an eternal Guru for all Sikhs.

Observances, Rituals, and Virtues

Sikhs emphasize living an honest, charitable, and God-centered life. The daily discipline of prayer and meditation upon the divine name is considered essential. Community-centered values are reflected in the langar (free community kitchen), which symbolizes equality and service. The Gurdwara is open to all people, regardless of background or status, emphasizing humility, unity, and hospitality.

The ethical framework includes the avoidance of five major vices—lust, anger, greed, attachment, and pride—while cultivating virtues such as contentment, compassion, humility, and truthfulness. Moral actions are underlined by the belief that one’s deeds (karma) have consequences, yet ultimate deliverance rests on God’s grace.

The Five Ks and Codes of Behavior

Initiated Sikhs who join the Khalsa observe a code represented by five symbols, commonly called the Five Ks:

1. Kesh (uncut hair) – Signifies acceptance of God’s will and respect for how one was created.

2. Kangha (wooden comb) – Symbolizes cleanliness and order.

3. Kara (steel bracelet) – Reminds the wearer of the eternal nature of God and moral restraint.

4. Kachera (specific undergarment) – Reflects self-control and modesty.

5. Kirpan (a ceremonial sword) – Represents protection of the weak and the pursuit of justice.

These external expressions are intended to be visible reminders of internal commitments and abiding moral principles.

Concept of Liberation (Mukti)

Sikhism teaches a concept of liberation or mukti, where the individual soul overcomes the cycle of rebirth (samsara) and unites with the divine presence. This deliverance is not attained merely by austerity or ritual but by God’s grace, cultivated through meditative remembrance, righteous deeds, and moral living.

Sikhs maintain that while virtuous actions contribute to spiritual advancement, the ultimate unification with God requires sincere devotion and inner transformation. This contrasts with purely legalistic or ritual-based frameworks found in certain other religious contexts.

Points of Intersection and Contrast with Biblical Teaching

Sikhism’s emphasis on one supreme God aligns in part with monotheistic traditions that affirm an eternal Creator. However, its view of reincarnation and liberation through cycles of rebirth differs markedly from the biblical teaching which presents a single mortal life (Hebrews 9:27: “Just as man is appointed to die once, and after that to face judgment…”).

Whereas Sikhism upholds the Guru Granth Sahib as the ultimate written authority, biblical Christianity affirms the sixty-six books of Scripture as divinely inspired and historically reliable. Archaeological discoveries—such as the Dead Sea Scrolls—support the accuracy of biblical manuscripts, while the testimonies in the Gospels and early Christian writings evidence the reality of Jesus’s resurrection (1 Corinthians 15:3–7). These core differences illustrate unique theological claims about salvation, revelation, and life after death.

Evidence from Outside Sources

Historical researchers of religion, including modern anthropologists and historians of South Asia, note the robust textual tradition surrounding Sikh teachings and the preservation efforts of early disciples. These efforts ensured the continuity of the Guru Granth Sahib even through periods of conflict.

By comparison, numerous archaeological and manuscript findings (for example, historical papyrus fragments attesting to the New Testament) provide evidence of the Bible’s textual fidelity. Scientific arguments in favor of an intelligent designer also spark discussion on the origin of life and the cosmos, giving credence to a universe guided by a purposeful Creator. Geological studies and fossil records remain matters of ongoing debate among various scholars, yet some data are presented by proponents of a young-earth model to support a literal interpretation of the biblical timeline.

Conclusion

The core beliefs of Sikhism rest on worship of the one divine, moral living, community service, and adherence to the Gurus’ teachings as enshrined in the Guru Granth Sahib. Its monotheistic emphasis, focus on justice, equality, and devotion to God’s name have shaped a distinct religious and cultural identity. While areas of convergence with other monotheistic traditions exist, Sikhism embodies a unique theological framework rooted in the writings and example of its ten human Gurus, culminating in a revered scripture that guides millions of Sikhs worldwide.