[a.d.301.] To the following account, translated from Galland, I prefix only the general date of Alexander's episcopate. He was succeeded in the bishopric of Lycopolis by the turbulent Meletius, of whose schism we need not say anything here. But his early relations with the heresy of Manes, and his subsequent orthodoxy (in all which he was a foreshadowing of Augustine), render his treatise on the Manichæan opinions especially valuable.

Combefis conjectured that Alexander was called Lukopolites , as having been born at Lycus, a city of the Thebaid, and so by race an Egyptian, and to his opinion both Cave and Fabricius are inclined. But this conjecture is plainly uncertain, if we are to trust Photius, in his Epitome De Manichæis, which Montfaucon has edited. [2184] For in this work Photius, whilst speaking of the authors who wrote against those heretics, makes mention also of Alexander as bishop of the city of Lycus, hote tes poleos Lukon 'Alexandros tous archieratikous nomous enkecheirismenos . [2185] So that it is no easy matter to state whether our author was called Lukopolites, because he was born either at Lycopolis in the Thebaid, or at another Lycopolis in Lower Egypt, which Stephanus places close to the sea in the Sebennytic nome, or whether he was not rather called Lukopolites , as having held the bishopric of Lycopolis. The unwonted manner of speaking employed by Photius need not delay the attention of anyone, when he makes Alexander to have been Archbishop of Lycopolis; for it is established that the Bishop of Alexandria alone was Archbishop and Patriarch of the whole Egyptian diocese. Epiphanius [2186] certainly says, when speaking of Meletius, [2187] the schismatical Bishop of Lycopolis, edokei de ho Meletios ton kata ten Aigupton proekon, kai deutereuon to Petro to tes 'Alexandreias kata ten archiepiskopen. And to the same purpose he says elsewhere, Meletios, ho tes Aiguptou apo Thebaidos dokon einai kai autos archiepiskopos. But however these matters are understood, it is admitted that Alexander came just before Meletius in the See of Lycopolis, and we know that he occupied the episcopal chair of that city in the beginning of the fourth century, in which order Le Quien places him among the Lycopolitan prelates, on the authority of Photius.

In the time of Constantine, the Eastern and Western Empire were each divided into seven districts, called dioceses, [2188] which comprised about one hundred and eighteen provinces; [2189] each province contained several cities, each of which had a district [2190] attached to it. The ecclesiastical rulers of the dioceses were called patriarchs, exarchs, or archbishops, of whom there were fourteen; the rulers of the provinces were styled metropolitans, i.e., governors of the metropolis or mother city, and those of each city and its districts were called bishops. So that the division which we now call a diocese, was in ancient times a union of dioceses, and a parish was a combination of modern parishes. [2191]

But however it be, whether Alexander was called Lukopolites from his birthplace, or from his episcopal See, this is certain and acknowledged, that he of good right claims for himself a place among ecclesiastical writers, for he has given us an elaborate treatise against the Manichæan tenets; and he is therefore styled by Allatius auctor eruditissimus et philosophikotatos, and his work libellus aureus. Allatius wrote out and brought to light two passages from it, while as yet it was lying hid in the libraries. From the inscription of the work, we learn that Alexander was first a pagan; and afterwards, having given up the religion of the Greeks, became an adherent of the Manichæan doctrines, which he says that he learnt from those who were on terms of familiar intercourse with the heresiarch, apo ton gnorimon tou andros; [2192] so that he would seem to be not far wrong in his conjecture who would place our author at no very distant date from the times of Manes himself. From the errors of this sect he was divinely reclaimed, and, taking refuge in the Church, he exposed the scandals attaching to the heresiarch, and solidly refuted his unwholesome dogmas. From having been an adherent of the sect himself, he has given us more information concerning their tenets than it was in the power of others to give, and on that account his treatise seems to be held in much estimation. [2193]

[2183] Translated from Gallandi, Vet. Patr. Biblioth. The reverend translator is styled in the Edinburgh edition, "Curate of Ilminster, Somerset."

[2184] Cf. Combef., Auctar. Noviss., part ii. p. 2; Cav., Dissert. de. Script. Eccl., incert. ætat. p. 2; Fabricius, Bibl. Gr.,tom. v. p. 287; Montfaucon, Bibl. Coisl., p. 349, seqq.

[2185] Photius, Epist. de Manich., Bibliotheca Coisliniana, p. 354.

[2186] Epiph., Hær., lxviii. n. 1, lxix. n. 2; Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, tom. ii.[p. 597.

[2187] Meletius of Lycopolis, a schismatical bishop of the third and fourth centuries. Athanasius tells us that Meletius, who was Bishop of Lycopolis in Upper Egypt at the time of the persecution under Diocletian and his successors, yielded to fear and sacrificed to idols: and being subsequently deposed, on this and other charges, in a Synod over which Peter, Bishop of Alexandria, presided, determined to separate from the Church, and to constitute with his followers a separate community. Epiphanius, on the other hand, relates that both Peter and Meletius, being in confinement for the faith, differed concerning the treatment to be used toward those who, after renouncing their Christian profession, became penitent, and wished to be restored to the communion of the Church. The Meletians afterwards co-operated with the Arians in their hostility to Athanasius.--See Art. Meletius, in Smith's Biograph. Dict.--Tr.

[2188] dioikeseis.

[2189] eparchiai.

[2190] paroikia.

[2191] [More simply, the Church's system naturally kept to the lines of the civil divisions. A dioecese was, in fact, a patriarchate; a province was presided over by a metropolitan; a parish was what we call a diocese. Before Constantine's time these arrangements existed for convenience, but were not invested with worldly consequence. Neale adopts this twofold spelling (dioecese and diocese) in his Alexandra, vol. i. p. xiv.

[2192] Cf. Alex., De Manich. placit., cap. 2.

[2193] This treatise of Alexander was first published by Combefis, with a Latin version, in the Auctarium novissimum, Bibl. S. S. Patrum, Psalm 2.p. 3. It is published also by Gallandi, Bibl. Patrum, vol. iv. p. 73.